Baroque style in architecture, painting, and cinema

Contents:

• Baroque for Church and King
• Baroque in Russia
• A Man of the Baroque Era
• When Loving Baroque Became Shameful: The Fall of Style
• Transition to Neo-Baroque
• The Wild 1990s: Is This a New Interpretation of Baroque or Just Bad Taste?
• Baroque and Haute Couture
• Baroque in Cinema

The Baroque era occupies a special place in European history, remaining one of the most famous and controversial. This period is characterized by opulence, vibrant colors, and exquisite forms. Gilding, whimsical imagery, and emotional contrasts create a unique atmosphere that continues to captivate people around the world for centuries. Baroque art reflects the complex feelings and aspirations of its time, while remaining relevant in a modern context.

Baroque originated in Italy, and most scholars associate this style with the Italian word "barocco," which means "pretentious." There is also a theory that the term has Portuguese roots: sailors called irregularly shaped pearls "la perola barroca." This style, which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries, is characterized by an abundance of detail, vivid contrasts, and emotional expressiveness, which has made it iconic in the history of art and architecture. The Baroque spread not only to Italy but also to other European countries, leaving a significant mark on the culture and aesthetics of the time.

This new artistic movement quickly gained popularity among the Flemish, modern residents of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the Spanish, German, and French. Baroque became the dominant style in Europe for a century and a half, leaving behind a legacy that combines both outstanding beauty and, at times, shocking bad taste.

Historians unanimously agree that the first examples of the Baroque style appeared in the late 16th century. This new style differed significantly from previous movements. Architects, artists, and writers, especially architects, departed from the classical ideals of the Renaissance, rejecting utilitarianism and opting for the embellishment of reality. Baroque became a symbol of emotion and drama, which was expressed in an abundance of detail, dynamic forms, and contrasts. This style had a significant influence on architecture and art, setting new standards of aesthetics and expressiveness.

Baroque, like Expressionism, is not just an artistic style, but an entire era filled with powerful artistic excitement. Walter Benjamin, a renowned cultural theorist, described this style as follows, emphasizing its dynamic nature and emotional richness. Baroque reflects complex human feelings and experiences, which makes it an important object of study in art history and culture.

Baroque for Church and King

The political context of the Baroque includes the Counter-Reformation, the rise of the monarchy, and the strengthening of the position of the church. In some countries, such as France, the period of the Baroque's greatest flourishing coincides with the strengthening of monarchical power. This period is characterized not only by artistic and architectural achievements but also by the active intervention of the church in political affairs, which contributed to the formation of a unique cultural and historical backdrop for the development of Baroque aesthetics.

The Palace of Versailles of Louis XIV, known as a classic example of the Baroque style, embodies the ideas of absolutism. Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King," became a symbol of the era in which he ruled. His famous phrase, "I am the state," emphasizes the monarch's complete control over the country. Baroque, as a style, is based on contrasts, where splendor and luxury coexist with simplicity and poverty. This style reflects not only architectural and design solutions, but also the social realities of its time.

The Reformation significantly changed the religious views of society, changing the direction of its development. However, the Counter-Reformation instilled fear in the laity, manifesting itself in the executions of heretics, often including scientists, and the active activities of the Inquisition. These events had a profound impact on the faith and worldview of the people of the time, shaping the complex relationship between religion and science.

Science continued to develop, and educated people began to realize that the Earth was not the center of the universe, but only one of its components. At this time, the Age of Discovery ended, and conquistadors were actively exploring new territories. The Church played a key role in this process, sponsoring campaigns of conquest that enriched kings at the expense of peasants. Catholicism became an important "conductor" of the new direction in architecture, influencing the style and design of buildings erected during this period.

The vibrant beauty of churches served to attract a flock exhausted by labor and war. Ornate churches and sumptuous services contrasted with the simple Protestant aesthetic. These contradictions were reflected in the Baroque style, which sometimes combines the incompatible. Baroque became a symbol of the struggle for the souls of believers, creating a spectacle capable of inspiring and delighting. The visual luxury and emotional richness of this style emphasized the grandeur of spiritual experience, calling people to faith and hope.

Baroque in Russia

The emergence of Baroque had varying significance in different countries. In Britain, this style was not widespread, while in Russia, Baroque became quite popular. Contrary to popular belief, elements of Baroque began to penetrate pre-Petrine Rus', which contributed to the creation of remarkable examples of Russian ornamentation. The style developed especially actively during the period of the influence of the Naryshkin princes, which led to the emergence of the so-called Naryshkin Baroque. This style is characterized by a combination of traditional Russian motifs and elements of Western European art, which made it unique and significant for the cultural heritage of Russia.

Baroque Elements have become firmly entrenched in Russia's cultural heritage. Originating in Moscow, the style gradually spread throughout the empire, leaving a distinctive mark on architecture and art. Baroque became a symbol of wealth and ambition, reflecting the power and grandeur of Russian culture. Siberian Baroque stands out among regional trends in Russian Baroque due to the influence of neighboring cultures, particularly China and Mongolia. Irkutsk masters drew inspiration from the architectural forms of Mongolian Buddhist stupas and datsans, which contributed to the unique development of Siberian Baroque. This style became an important part of the region's cultural heritage, combining elements of traditional Russian architecture with oriental motifs, thereby creating a unique style. Siberian Baroque incorporates unique elements of the wooden architecture of cities such as Tyumen, Irkutsk, Tomsk, and Yeniseisk. The merchant houses of these regions are distinguished by their rich architectural features, including gates, pillars, and door frames adorned with exquisite carvings. Soaring spires and mezzanines, as well as the unusual colors of the facades—pink, bright green, and blue—create the unique appearance of Siberian architecture. Within the context of stone architecture, temple architecture deserves special attention, where experts note the use of Buddhist symbolism in the church decor of Eastern Siberia. This is reflected in the fire-like ornament, the Dharma wheel, stupa-like domes, and triangular portals, emphasizing the cultural diversity and historical significance of the region.

Vyatka, Totma, and Ural Baroque, as well as elements of Cossack Baroque, represent unique styles that developed in Russia. In the west of the country, the influence of Ukrainian and Polish Baroque can be seen, reflecting cultural exchanges and historical ties between the regions. These stylistic borrowings enrich Russian Baroque, creating a variety of forms and decorative elements.

Baroque Man

Baroque originally emerged as an architectural style, but over time its influence spread to various aspects of life. Today, experts pay attention to Baroque in fashion, literature, painting, music, and philosophy, highlighting the concepts of the "Baroque worldview" and "Baroque man." This style is characterized by emotional richness, dynamism and a desire to express individuality, which is reflected in the art and culture of the time. The Baroque became an important stage in the development of European aesthetics, forming a unique approach to creativity and self-expression.

The Baroque, outside of the plastic arts, is difficult to trace and identify, as its aesthetics are focused on visual complexity and beauty. However, the "lush" music of Vivaldi and the pretentious odes of Lomonosov and Trediakovsky can serve as a reflection of the ideal man of that era. These works demonstrate characteristic Baroque features, such as expressiveness and emotionality, which allow for a deeper understanding of the cultural and social contexts of the time.

Mannerism, theatricality, and a certain saccharine, as well as pomposity, which may seem excessive to us, were considered the norm and necessary elements of culture at the time. This era marked the golden era of courtly culture, when attention to refined manners and the art of communication reached its peak. During this period, important social norms were formed that determined the relationships between people in high society.

This celebration of life could not continue indefinitely. The accumulated knowledge became the basis for the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment, characterized by the pursuit of rational thinking and scientific discoveries, significantly influenced the development of mankind. During this time, there was a transition from traditional views to new ideas that changed the social, cultural and philosophical aspects of life.

When Loving Baroque Became Shameful: The Fall of Style

Peasant revolts, the decline of the monarchy and the ruin of large feudal lords became the catalysts for the end of the Baroque style, which was distinguished by ornateness, high cost and impracticality. The Church, which possessed all-encompassing power, tried to maintain its position, but was limited by the process of secularization. For a long time, descendants disapproved of the Baroque, condemning their ancestors for their love of wigs, gilding, carved furniture, and prim poetry. The Baroque was replaced by refined Rococo and, later, a strict and rational Classicism, which again drew on ancient models. These changes in art reflected changes in society and culture, emphasizing the transition to new aesthetic ideals.

In the 19th century, the Baroque style was perceived as wild and vulgar, and its elements were considered pompous. The embellished portraits of this period remained forgotten in attics, and the flamboyant masquerades and carnivals were considered dull and vulgar. Costumes were redesigned, and interiors were rebuilt to match the new aesthetic ideals of the time. A trend toward simplification and minimalism in art and architecture replaced the cumbersome forms and decoration characteristic of the Baroque.

Much of the historical legacy of this great era was lost. In Russia, where architecture developed under the influence of Peter the Great, this process occurred quite rapidly. This led to a mixture of styles and the absence of a "classical" Baroque, but this uniqueness does not diminish the value and beauty of these works.

Many Russian novels begin with a young landowner, arriving on his lands, immediately embarking on a large-scale reconstruction of houses, factories, and steamships. This phenomenon serves not only as a backdrop for the development of the plot but also reflects the desire for renewal and progress. Reconstruction becomes a symbol of change, associated with new ideas and social change. Therefore, in this context, we can consider not only the personal ambitions of the landowner, but also the impact of his actions on the surrounding world and society as a whole.

The Winter Palace, now known as the Hermitage, is a striking example of the architectural transformations carried out according to the design of Bartolomeo Rastrelli under the patronage of Empress Elizabeth. However, the project was completed by Catherine II, whose tastes differed significantly from those of her predecessor. The palace interior harmoniously combines Baroque elements with exquisite French Rococo, and the layout displays the symmetry characteristic of Classicism. The palace has survived many changes, including fires and revolutions, and even the original color of the walls has not been preserved—the building long had a warm ochre hue. Today, the Hermitage is a unique museum complex that reflects various styles and eras, making it an important cultural heritage site.

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Over time, justice prevailed, and the Baroque style was rehabilitated. It subsequently returned to common usage under the name Neo-Baroque or Second Baroque. This term and its periodization continue to generate controversy among art connoisseurs. Art historians define this period as the late 19th - early 20th centuries, when the countries of Northern Europe, the United States, and the Russian Empire began to recreate Baroque principles in architecture, sculpture, and painting. Neo-Baroque became an important stage in the development of art, reflecting a desire to return to the grandeur and sophistication of the Baroque, which attracted the attention of both artists and architects.

The Neo-Baroque movement eventually lost its popularity, but in modern times, nothing disappears without a trace. Many elements and achievements of the neo-baroque style were adapted and integrated into the developing Art Nouveau, which continues to draw inspiration from the past.

After two world wars, people once again sought to surround themselves with bright colors, shiny fabrics, and other beautiful elements that delight the inner child. In a modern context, this style is often called neo-baroque, which can cause confusion in terminology. Neo-baroque combines elements of luxury and emotional expression, bringing a sense of celebration and comfort to the interior. This movement in art and design strives to create an atmosphere that inspires and uplifts the mood.

Dorothy Draper, an American designer, is considered a pioneer of this new direction in interior design. Her restoration project for the Greenbrier resort in West Virginia became a landmark event in the design world. In 1948, the luxurious hotel reopened its doors to visitors, offering modern equipment and the latest technology. However, in her interior design, Draper incorporated Baroque elements: luxurious materials, unexpected color combinations, stylish upholstered furniture, and gleaming parquet floors. She introduced stylish checkerboard floors, mirrors in exquisite "curly" frames, a wide range of fireplaces, curtains, canopies, and impressive chandeliers. Dorothy Draper's work laid the foundation for modern approaches to interior design, demonstrating how to combine classics with new trends. Dorothy Draper is considered a pioneer in the field of interior design, having founded the world's first design firm, Dorothy Draper & Company. Her innovative approaches and style laid the foundation for the interior design profession, inspiring many professionals in the field. Draper brought unique ideas and concepts to the world of design that remain relevant and in demand to this day.

The wild 1990s: Is this a new interpretation of Baroque or just bad taste?

Baroque continues to exist in the modern world, sometimes taking on unexpected forms. Let's recall the 1990s, when financial resources flooded the post-Soviet space, and such phenomena as golden toilets, chipboard chairs with bright floral upholstery, decorative columns and plastic moldings appeared. These elements of the new Russian style raise questions about whether they can be considered a reflection of Baroque. It is important to note that Baroque, as a style, is characterized by excess and splendor, and in this context, modern interiors sometimes actually intersect with its principles, albeit in a distorted form.

Many researchers believe that this style should be classified differently. It simplifies Baroque luxury to a superficial gloss and uses inexpensive materials, in contrast to the true luxury of the Baroque. This style doesn't adhere to purity or unity, and its eclecticism cannot be categorized as belonging to any specific movement.

Designers believe that baroque elements can be harmoniously incorporated into a modern interior or image, while avoiding inappropriate parodies of nouveau riche style. Following the laws of postmodernism, such images become an ironic reflection of the wealth of past centuries. It's important to remember that the line between beauty, kitsch, and bad taste is very thin. To successfully incorporate Baroque elements into your design, you need to consider balance and harmony to create a truly aesthetic space, rather than falling into the trap of excessive decoration.

Baroque and Haute Couture

The legacy of the Baroque has been perfectly integrated into modern fashion. Baroque makeup features a trend for "porcelain skin" and soft "girly" tones. Interestingly, women and men of that era considered excessive use of cosmetics on the skin unacceptable. This aspect of style continues to inspire modern designers and makeup artists, emphasizing natural beauty and sophistication. Thus, the Baroque not only influences visual trends, but also sets aesthetic standards that are still relevant today.

Clothing occupies a special place in the world of fashion, and it is difficult to imagine an haute couture collection without Baroque elements. From our ancestors, we inherited exquisite embroidered corsets, faux feathers, white lace cuffs, and puffed sleeves. Each piece can be lavishly embellished: rhinestones, pearls, bows, flowers, and gold and silver embroidery lend uniqueness and status to outfits. Embellishment plays a key role in creating a look, highlighting the designers' individuality and skill. Texture plays an important role in contemporary design, including tapestry fabrics, brocades, and small floral prints, such as those seen on chair upholstery in the Hermitage or in historical television series. These elements have remained relevant on the catwalk for many years. The outrageous and carnivalesque aesthetics of fashion shows also evoke the Baroque tradition, emphasizing the connection between the past and contemporary fashion trends.

The recent Spring/Summer 2024 collection by renowned designer John Galliano for Maison Margiela demonstrates a unique approach to contemporary trends. Galliano reinterpreted Baroque aesthetics and doll-like forms, creating looks with an emphasis on excess and originality. The show was not just a fashion event, but a provocative show that took place in a bar under the Alexandre III bridge in Paris, which added a special atmosphere and context to the collection.

Baroque in Cinema

Baroque continues to be an important visual style, and it is not surprising that in the modern world its influence has migrated to cinema. References to Baroque can be seen in numerous film projects, serving as a source of inspiration for the creators of series, films, TV shows, and even anime. Baroque elements, such as dramatic lighting, complex compositions, and rich detail, are actively used to create a unique atmosphere and emotional depth in contemporary cinema. This demonstrates that the legacy of Baroque is still relevant and is reflected in contemporary visual media.

Directors often emphasize the artistic component of a style rather than its deep philosophy. This often leads to visual and aesthetic aspects taking center stage in cinema, while philosophical ideas remain secondary. This approach creates vivid and memorable images, but sometimes misses the opportunity for deeper analysis and reflection on the themes raised in the films.

Baroque combines solemnity and playfulness, creating a striking visual experience. This stylistic focus maintains humor and lightness, making works of art appealing to a wide audience. Baroque aesthetics are able to attract the attention of viewers, combining grandeur and playfulness in a single work.

Baroque in serious cinema is often associated with the French movement Cinema du look. This term was coined by French film critics, in particular Raphaël Bassan. In his article "Trois néobaroques français", he collected the works of directors such as Jean-Jacques Beineix, Luc Besson, and Leos Carax. These films are characterized by striking visuals, emotional intensity, and a unique approach to narrative, which makes them significant in the context of Baroque aesthetics.

The works of this author are distinguished by high emotional intensity and dynamism, as well as attention to detail and allegorical motivations. The visual style of his works is manifested in the play of light and contrasts. The influence of Baroque is noticeable in the work of David Lynch, who seems to revive famous works of this era in his films. However, the director doesn't limit himself to the external trappings of the Baroque, delving into its semantic and artistic aspects.

In Lynch's films, Baroque aesthetics serve as a symbol of rank, nobility, and even terrifying qualities. An example of this is "The Black Lodge," which borrows elements from the works of Diego Velázquez, including red curtains and a checkerboard floor. Shots in "Blue Velvet" also reference the work of Michelangelo and Caravaggio. In particular, paintings such as "The Calling of St. Matthew" (1600), "Judith Beheading Holofernes" (1602), and "Salome with the Head of John the Baptist" (c. 1609) inspire the use of similar storylines, contrasting lighting, and compositional techniques throughout various scenes of "Blue Velvet." These visual references highlight Lynch's unique style and create the atmosphere of tension that is so characteristic of his work.

Cyberbaroque is a unique combination of baroque pomp and imagery from a fantastical cybernetic future, reflecting a high level of technological progress. This aesthetic is often associated with classic works such as Star Wars and The Fifth Element, as well as video game characters and the works of contemporary artists. Cyberbaroque also finds expression in fashion shows, creating vibrant and memorable looks that inspire designers and artists around the world.

Classical Baroque designs have earned a place in the worlds of design and art. They are studied by art students, serve as inspiration for contemporary designers, and are featured in digital desktop wallpapers. Generalized Baroque forms even appear on banknotes, attesting to the style's elevated status. This confirms its importance and relevance in modern society.

The Pictorial Program of David Lynch's Films: Artistic Attribution and a Fashion Phenomenon. In this study, Ekaterina Vasilyeva and Ilya Bannikov analyze the unique style and visual aesthetics inherent in Lynch's works. The article, published in the journal "New Literary Review" in 2018, examines how the artistic elements of films influence viewers' perceptions and shape cultural trends. The authors focus on how Lynch creates an atmosphere combining elements of surrealism and realism, making his films iconic and in demand in the worlds of fashion and art. The study emphasizes the significance of Lynch's visual language and its influence on contemporary culture.

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