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Conscious Consumption: The Harmful Effects of Fashionable Clothing

Conscious Consumption: The Harmful Effects of Fashionable Clothing

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100 Years of Consumption

The 20th century saw significant changes in the volume of clothing production and society's attitude toward it. Previously, humanity made do with a relatively modest wardrobe for many centuries. Only the wealthy had access to a variety of outfits, but even for them, there were restrictions. For example, the religious precepts of the Dutch and American Protestants, as well as the Russian Old Believers, prohibited excesses in clothing. These changes in the production and perception of clothing played a key role in shaping the modern fashion market and everyday culture.

Participants of the All-Russian Congress of Old Believers, 1906. It's quite possible that everyone in this photo is extremely wealthy, and it's equally likely that each of them owns no more than three suits: one for the office, one for business trips, and one for religious practice. Photo: Nikifor Zenin

Fashion magazines, which began to encourage people to acquire new things, began to actively spread in the Western world in the 18th century. However, at that time, they did not cause significant changes in consumer habits, since clothes were still sewn at home or by tailors, and were not mass-produced.

The clothing industry, specializing in the production of ready-to-wear clothing, began its active development in the mid-19th century. This period was marked by significant changes in production technologies and labor organization, which contributed to the mass production of clothing and the availability of fashionable products to a wide audience. The use of new technologies, such as sewing machines, as well as the introduction of assembly line production, significantly increased the volume of production and improved its quality. As a result, the clothing industry became a vital part of the economy, setting new standards in fashion and lifestyle.

In 1892, viscose fiber, a fiber created from natural components but using artificial technologies, was discovered in England. Viscose fiber became an important material in the textile industry due to its unique properties, such as softness and moisture absorption. This material became the basis for the production of various textiles, from clothing to home textiles, providing high quality and comfort. Viscose fiber continues to be popular among manufacturers and consumers due to its versatility and environmental aspects.

In 1951, polyester, a fabric with unique properties, was introduced in the United States. This innovative fabric is distinguished by its ability to wash without wrinkling and high wear resistance, making it an ideal choice for a variety of textiles. Polyester became a popular material due to its durability and ease of care, significantly simplifying consumer lives.

In 1978, significant economic reforms were initiated in China. These changes laid the foundation for the transition from a planned economy to a market-based economy, which contributed to the country's rapid economic growth. The reforms affected various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and foreign trade, ultimately leading to a significant improvement in the population's standard of living. These events laid the foundation for China's modern economic development and its integration into the global economy.

Formerly a communist country, China implemented an "open door policy," allowing international trade and foreign direct investment. This led to many companies relocating their production to Asia. The increasing wealth of the Chinese population contributed to the fact that by the 2010s, the Chinese market for fashion consumption had surpassed similar markets in the US and Europe.

  • The term "fast fashion" emerged in the mid-2000s.

In the 1980s, fashion, both mass and luxury, followed clear seasons of "spring-summer" and "fall-winter." Today, brands present new items in a continuous stream, which radically changes the approach to production, advertising, and sales. Modern trends require designers to quickly respond to changes in consumer preferences, leading to an increase in the number of collections and a reduction in the time between shows. This creates new opportunities for buyers, but also places demands on brands in terms of innovation and quality.

Previously, fashion was set by fashion designers, leading brands, and luxury manufacturers, and the mass industry merely copied and disseminated their trends. Today, the situation has changed: fashion is formed simultaneously on different levels. It originates from marketing, social media, and video content promotion algorithms, allowing it to circulate and adapt faster. This new dynamic makes fashion more accessible and diverse, allowing everyone to influence its development.

Balenciaga jacket, Spring 2025 collection. "My look when I started calling my wife by her patronymic" is trending on social media. Photo: Balenciaga

Why it's bad

The modern fashion and textile industry is causing significant harm to both the planet and society. Let's consider some of these problems. First and foremost, fast fashion leads to excessive consumption of resources and increased waste. Production processes are often accompanied by environmental pollution and also negatively impact the health of workers. Furthermore, the use of synthetic materials such as polyester contributes to microplastic pollution in the oceans. These issues require attention and action from all industry participants, including designers, manufacturers, and consumers, to ensure a more sustainable future for fashion and textiles.

Overproduction and textile waste remain pressing issues. Each year, approximately 92 million tons of textile waste are sent to landfills, largely due to excess clothing production and increased consumer demand. Active consumption of fashionable products leads to the accumulation of unnecessary things, which negatively impacts the environment. Addressing this issue requires a focus on sustainable production practices and conscious consumption to reduce waste and minimize environmental impacts.

Activists protest in an H&M store window in London, 2020 Photo: Richard Baker / In Pictures / Getty Images

Fast Fashion, including Its production, sale, and advertising have a significant negative impact on the ecosystem. The average lifespan of clothing in this segment is only 2-3 years, leading to increased waste and depletion of natural resources. Sustainability in the fashion industry requires awareness of the consequences of consumption and a shift to more environmentally friendly alternatives. Cotton production requires significant volumes of water, approximately 10,000 liters per kilogram of raw material. This figure highlights the enormous pressure the textile industry places on global freshwater supplies. With water resources becoming increasingly scarce, it is important to understand the environmental impact of textile production and seek sustainable alternatives that can reduce water consumption.

Fabric dyeing shop, Bangladesh Photo: zakir1346 / Shutterstock

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Farmers in China and India have a unique ability to predict the changing seasons simply by observing the color of river water. This observation method is based on ancient traditions and knowledge passed down from generation to generation. Water color can indicate changes in the environment, such as rainfall levels or changes in soil composition. Using these natural indicators, farmers can more accurately plan their agricultural work, which contributes to increased yields and resilience to climate change. Thus, observing river color is becoming an important part of agronomic practice in these regions.

Claire Press is an experienced fashion journalist who specializes in the fashion industry and current trends. She analyzes trends, covers important events in the fashion world, and shares professional opinions on new collections. With her deep understanding of fashion and ability to find unique stories, Claire captures the attention of readers and inspires them to create their own style. Her articles are frequently published in leading fashion publications, confirming her authority in the field of journalism. Claire Press actively monitors changes in the fashion industry and shares her findings, helping readers stay up-to-date on the latest trends and events.

Dense toxic foam on the Jamuna River in New Delhi appears due to industrial discharges. Photo: tiwariprabhat / Shutterstock

Harmful emissions generated during the production of both natural fabrics and synthetic polyester are a serious problem. Sewing in large factories often results in the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. These emissions negatively impact the environment and human health. Sustainable fabric production and the use of environmentally friendly technologies can significantly reduce pollution levels and minimize the harmful impact on the environment. Awareness of the importance of choosing environmentally friendly materials is growing every year, becoming a key factor in responsible consumption and protecting the planet.

The textile and clothing industry plays a significant role in global carbon emissions, accounting for 6 to 8% of the global total, equivalent to approximately 1.7 billion tonnes of CO2 annually. These industries are the second-largest consumers of resources and polluters. Sustainable development in the textile and clothing industry is becoming critical to reducing the carbon footprint and protecting the environment. The introduction of environmentally friendly technologies and the use of recycled materials can significantly reduce the negative impact of these industries on the climate.

The 2023 assessment is an important process that allows for an analysis of achievements and shortcomings, as well as the identification of key trends and changes. In 2023, technology will have a significant impact on various areas of life, including business, education, and healthcare.

Analyzing economic, social, and environmental indicators in 2023 allows us to better understand how these factors impact society. Importantly, many companies have adapted to the new conditions by innovating and optimizing their processes.

From an environmental perspective, 2023 has become a period of active discussion about sustainable development and the transition to environmentally friendly technologies. This emphasizes the importance of a conscious approach to resources and their use.

Thus, the assessment of 2023 provides an opportunity to draw conclusions about current trends and prepare for future challenges.

According to the European Parliament's 2023 report, China ranks first in greenhouse gas emissions, emitting 15,944 million tonnes of CO2. The United States is second with 5,961 million tonnes, accounting for 37% of China's total. India ranks third with 4,134 million tonnes of CO2. This data highlights the importance of global cooperation in the fight against climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve sustainable development.

China is a leading manufacturer in the fashion industry globally. The country holds a dominant position in the production of apparel and accessories, offering a wide range of products for various market segments. Thanks to its large-scale production capacity and high level of automation, China is able to meet the clothing needs of both large brands and small businesses. This makes the Chinese market a key player in the global fashion supply chain.

The destruction of new clothing is a serious problem facing the fashion industry. About one-third of all clothing produced globally remains unsold, and many companies choose to destroy these goods rather than sell them or donate them to charity. This leads to significant carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Major fashion brands such as Inditex and H&M Group, as well as luxury labels such as Burberry and Louis Vuitton, have been noted for this practice. Measures are needed to change the approach to clothing disposal and create a more sustainable system that considers the environmental impacts of production and distribution.

Luxury brands destroy unsold merchandise as part of their brand strategy. Sales can negatively impact a company's status, as they reduce the level of exclusivity and the perceived value of products. For example, houses such as Louis Vuitton and Chanel never run discounted promotions, and remnants of previous seasons' collections are not made available to the general public. This approach helps preserve the brand's prestige and uniqueness, maintaining its high image.

In Russia, there is also a process for the destruction of imported goods, regulated by the customs code. This mechanism is applied in cases where goods do not meet legal requirements or cannot be imported into the country for various reasons. The destruction of such goods is carried out in compliance with all necessary procedures and regulations to avoid any negative impact on the economy and national security.

Worn clothing is also destroyed in significant quantities due to overproduction and the concept of fast fashion. This consumption model does not allow for long-term use, as it is geared towards rapidly changing trends. Fast fashion means clothes quickly become outdated, and many items end up discarded, which has a negative impact on the environment and creates additional problems for the sustainable development of the fashion industry.

Photo: Sundry Photography / Shutterstock
Photo: Ernest Rose / Shutterstock

Social aspects are significant in the fashion industry. Poor quality clothing not only devalues ​​workers' labor, but also depletes natural resources. This is often associated with unfairly low wages and unfavorable working conditions, which highlights the need for improved standards in clothing production. It is important to pay attention to these aspects to ensure fairness and sustainability in the textile industry.

The year is 2024. Eight-year-old Bablu works in a tannery in Dhaka. The minimum age for employment under Bangladeshi labor law is 14, but small factories, workshops, and home-based businesses do not comply. Photo: Syed Mahamudur Rahman / NurPhoto / Getty Images

In recent years, major fashion companies have increasingly focused on sustainability. Driven by public pressure, new legislation, and growing awareness of the environmental impact of past practices, brands are beginning to openly share information about their production and sales methods. They recognize the importance of addressing environmental issues and strive for a more responsible approach to their activities.

H&M Group press releases on sustainability Screenshot: H&M Group website / Skillbox Media
Image: Tom Tailor

Following the scandal in 2018, Burberry announced it would stop destroying goods and focus on recycling and reselling leftovers through reuse programs. Uniqlo actively runs campaigns to donate unsold clothing to those in need, collaborating with humanitarian foundations. European provider I:CO offers the opportunity to donate old clothes in stores of various chains, receiving in exchange a voucher for a discount on new purchases. These initiatives promote the sustainable development of the fashion industry and help reduce waste, supporting the concept of responsible consumption.

Nike launched the Nike Grind program, which turns old shoes and textiles into raw materials for sports equipment or new products. Photo: Nike Grind
On the left, a backpack from the Danish brand Ganni made from 100% recycled polyester. On the right, a Ganni bag made from 100% recycled cotton. Photo: Ganni

Sustainability is becoming a major trend spanning many industries, and most large companies are striving to follow this trend. However, it's important to be aware of greenwashing, a deceptive marketing practice in which companies claim sustainability when their actual actions and products fail to meet environmental standards. This can involve exaggerated or implausible claims about climate initiatives, created to improve their image and attract conscious consumers. Companies that greenwash risk losing customer trust and negatively impacting their reputation. Therefore, for businesses striving for true sustainability, it's important not only to demonstrate environmental efforts but also to act on them.

In 2022, activists accused H&M of misleading consumers through its Conscious line, creating the false impression that its products were more environmentally friendly and safer. Research showed that the company was portraying its products as more environmentally friendly than they actually were, and in some cases, these claims were completely inaccurate. As a result, H&M faced legal action accusing it of greenwashing, which undermines trust in the brand and its environmental initiatives.

In May 2023, H&M won the case. The court found that the plaintiff had failed to provide sufficient evidence to support the allegations of misleading marketing. This decision highlights the importance of sound argumentation in legal cases involving advertising practices.

A detailed description of the composition of the product on the H&M website and what percentage of recycled materials it contains. Screenshot: H&M website / Skillbox Media

Conscious fashion: what practices exist

Clothing manufacturers and buyers are taking steps to reduce the negative impact on the planet, animals and people. They are implementing sustainable practices such as using eco-friendly materials, recycling textiles, and reducing waste. Consumers are also becoming more conscious, choosing brands that adhere to ethical production practices and are committed to social responsibility. These changes are helping to create a more sustainable fashion industry and contribute to environmental conservation.

Many luxury brands, such as Stella McCartney and Balenciaga, are reducing production volumes. This decision not only increases the exclusivity of their collections but also helps avoid excess inventory. Reducing production volumes also promotes a more sustainable approach to the fashion industry, which in turn attracts the attention of consumers eager to support environmental initiatives and responsible practices.

While this is not a global solution, it is worth noting that the luxury segment accounts for only 1-3% of total industry sales. This share seems insignificant compared to the mass market, which occupies a significantly larger part of the market.

Premium brands, as a rule, have significant PR resources, financial means and media influence, which allows them to effectively draw attention to various problems.

"No leather, feathers and fur." Stella McCartney 2016 campaignPhoto: British Fashion Council / Google Arts and Culture
Excellent example - Vivienne Westwood brand. In addition to implementing ethical production, the house's founder, Vivienne Westwood, was an active advocate for climate change, funding environmental organizations (such as Cool Earth) that work to protect rainforests. Photo: Dazed and Confused / British Fashion Council / Google Arts and Culture / Google Arts and Culture

Following the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, mass clothing production reached a new stage of development, particularly in the UK. During this period, less developed countries experienced significant population growth, which exceeded their domestic production capacity. As a result, the demand for clothing increased dramatically, fueling a boom in the second-hand trade. This situation created new business opportunities and transformed the clothing market, shaping a culture of secondary consumption.

Britain continues to be one of the leading suppliers of second-hand clothing in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Russia. This market is actively developing, and British brands play a key role in meeting the demand for high-quality and affordable recycled clothing. Second-hand clothing attracts consumers not only because it is affordable but also because of its variety, making it a popular choice among shoppers in these regions.

On the left, a second-hand clothing store in London, photographed in 1877–1878. Second-hand stores are not only a source of affordable clothing but also an opportunity to express individuality. In the 1980s and 1990s, such stores became popular among those who could not or did not want to buy new clothes, including members of bohemian groups, punks, grunge subcultures, and other protest movements. Today, buying second-hand clothes is also an environmental statement, emphasizing concern for nature and sustainable consumption. By choosing used clothing, people not only save money but also contribute to reducing textile waste, making this choice relevant and socially responsible.
The Salvation Army stores have been selling donated items—clothing, household items, and furniture—at affordable prices for over a century. Proceeds from sales help fund charitable programs. Originally a US-based company, these stores and collection points now also exist in Western Europe and Australia. Photo: Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History / Google Arts and Culture / Slidewarrior / Shutterstock
Today, second-hand clothing is available all over the world, and more and more people choose it for ethical reasons. In the photo - the Russian charity shop "Second Wind"Photo: "Second Wind"
However, there is practicality in this, too: in second-hand stores you can find not only rare and vintage things (which you will have to hunt for), but also assemble a basic wardrobePhoto: Dolce & Gabbana / Thrifted / True Religion / Thrifted / Carhartt / Thrifted

Resale is the process of buying and selling previously owned goods on marketplaces and in specialty stores. For sellers, this is a chance not only to recoup some of their money but also to extend the life of their items. Buyers, in turn, get the opportunity to purchase unique items or essentials at more affordable prices. The resale market is becoming increasingly popular as it promotes sustainable consumption and waste reduction, which has a positive impact on the environment.

Chanel Limited Edition Rocket Bag. The bag is listed on the resale platform 1stDibs for $29,000. Photo: Chanel / 1st Dibs.

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Anything can become a legend, and the history of the Chanel fashion house is a vivid example of this. Founded in 1910 by Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel, the brand quickly gained popularity thanks to its unique style and innovative approach to women's fashion. Chanel became a symbol of elegance and freedom, offering women new silhouettes and comfortable clothing.

The brand's iconic products include the Chanel No. 5 fragrance and the classic little black dress, which remain relevant and in demand to this day. The fashion house continues to inspire generations, preserving traditions and introducing fresh ideas to the world of fashion. The history of Chanel is more than just a brand biography; it is a legend that shapes the idea of ​​style and sophistication.

Sharing clothes that you no longer wear or that do not fit into your wardrobe is becoming increasingly popular. This practice not only allows you to update your wardrobe but also fosters community and strengthens personal connections. Swaps can take place in a variety of formats, from small get-togethers among friends to large-scale parties for a wider audience. Participating in such events not only helps you get rid of unnecessary things, but also promotes sustainable consumption and the environment.

Swaps are a great way to have a good time and satisfy your hunger for consumption, as well as to declutter your wardrobe or try on a new style without wasting your money or the planet's resources. Photo: Emanuele Cremaschi / Getty Images

Upcycling is the process of creatively reimagining and recycling old, unwanted, or damaged items to create more relevant and functional pieces. This approach not only helps reduce waste but also promotes sustainable consumption. Upcycling allows you to breathe new life into old items, transforming them into unique and stylish home decor or accessories. Using upcycling in everyday life promotes environmental protection and fosters a culture of conscious consumption.

Upcycling in fashion involves using leftover fabrics, old clothing, and other materials, eliminating the need to produce new raw materials for individual items or collections. This practice is a key element of the philosophy of conscious fashion, as it promotes waste reduction, resource reuse, and the fight against overconsumption. Upcycling not only helps minimize environmental impact but also inspires designers to create unique and original pieces with their own story and character.

Martin Margiela actively used waste and remnants of materials in his iconic collections of the early 1990s. In 1993, he presented couture ensembles made from discarded theater costumes. These worn-out garments attracted him with their "spirit of memory," which allowed them to tell stories from the Renaissance to the French Revolution. Margiela demonstrated a unique approach to design, transforming waste into art and emphasizing the importance of sustainability in fashion. His work remains relevant and inspires contemporary design practices, focusing on recycling and reimagining materials.

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Maison Martin Margiela is a brand that revolutionized the fashion world, becoming a symbol of deconstruction. Founded in 1988 by Belgian designer Martin Margiela, the fashion house became known for its innovative approaches and unconventional style. The main concept of Maison Martin Margiela is to destroy traditional fashion standards and rethink familiar forms.

The brand's designers often use elements of deconstruction, rethinking and transforming clothing, which allows them to create unique pieces that play with consumer perceptions and expectations. A key point in the philosophy of Maison Martin Margiela is anonymity - the designer himself rarely appears in public, emphasizing the importance of the work itself, rather than the author's personality.

The brand's collections feature bold experiments with textures, silhouettes, and materials, drawing attention to unconventional solutions and an original approach. Maison Martin Margiela is also known for its attention to detail and high-quality craftsmanship, making each piece a true work of art.

Over time, Maison Martin Margiela has become not only an influential player in the fashion arena, but also a symbol of cultural change, reflecting the desire for individuality and self-expression. The brand continues to inspire a new generation of designers and fashionistas, while maintaining its unique identity and commitment to innovation.

Old clothes, fabric remnants, and production scraps are put to use. Recutting, embroidery, adding decor, and combining different materials create a unique product: clothing, accessories, or home textiles. Each item becomes individual, which is valued in sustainable fashion. Photo: Lagos Fashion Week / Google Arts and Culture / Miu Miu

Upcycling is an ethical solution based on the principle of caring for things and respecting the work of their creators. This practice not only helps reduce waste but also promotes conscious consumption. By supporting the upcycle idea, we conserve resources and contribute to sustainable development.

Common examples of upcycle in fashion: recycling old jeans into bags, skirts or new avant-garde jeans; trendy knitted or woven bags from old and unused knitwear; Dresses and tops made from old lace and vintage fabrics. Photo: Vereja / Soeursclo.

In Russia, there are many local brands and designers who create upcycled clothing and accessories. These items are often available on platforms like Avito and social media. Upcycling is becoming increasingly popular because it combines eco-friendliness with uniqueness. Supporting local producers not only contributes to the development of the fashion industry, but also helps to reduce the amount of textile waste.

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Gone unnoticed: 6 creative Russian clothing brands

In the fashion world, Russian clothing brands are becoming increasingly visible thanks to their unique style and original approach. We present six creative brands that stand out from the mass-produced crowd and offer unique solutions for fashion lovers. These brands not only reflect current trends but also maintain their individuality, allowing them to attract attention both on the runway and internationally. Choosing clothes from these brands will allow you to highlight your individuality and express yourself through style.

Why Recycling Matters

In today's world of fast fashion, where clothes often end up in landfills after just a few wears due to low-quality materials, upcycling is becoming an essential tool in the fight against overproduction and environmental pollution. This process allows old clothes to be transformed into new, unique pieces, thereby reducing the need for new resources and minimizing waste. Upcycling not only promotes sustainable fashion but also inspires creative solutions, allowing people to express their style and individuality. Fashion shouldn't strive to create excessive profits; it should inspire people to value things, be mindful of their purchases, and support a sustainable approach to resource use. This approach fosters awareness of the importance of circularity and responsible consumption, which ultimately leads to a more harmonious life and environmental protection. There are a number of brands in Russia that actively adhere to the principles of conscious fashion. These companies focus on environmental friendliness, ethical production, and sustainable development. They use recycled materials, minimize waste, and ensure fair working conditions for their workers. Supporting such brands not only contributes to environmental protection but also to a more responsible approach to consumption in the fashion world. Choosing conscious fashion is a step toward a more sustainable future and a conscious lifestyle. 99recycle offers stylish accessories and bags made from recycled plastic. Our products help reduce waste and promote an eco-friendly lifestyle. We are committed to sustainable development, creating unique pieces that are not only beautiful but also beneficial to the planet. By choosing 99recycle, you support environmental protection and receive high-quality and practical items.

Blannies offers unique designer jackets made from Soviet wool blankets. Each jacket is a one-off, making them truly exclusive. We focus on quality and style, combining vintage materials with modern design solutions. Our products are ideal for those who value individuality and comfort. Choose Blannies and highlight your unique style with original jackets crafted with love and attention to detail.

Ecovulva offers stylish bags and hats that combine unique design with eco-friendly principles. Our products are made using sustainable materials, making them the perfect choice for those who value ecology and style. Each accessory emphasizes individuality and provides comfort in everyday life. Choosing bags and hats from Ecovulva is not only self-care but also a contribution to environmental conservation. Discover a world of fashion where style meets responsibility.

Vatnique offers jackets and shirts created with an emphasis on ethical production. We use recycled fabrics and eco-friendly insulation, making our products not only stylish but also sustainable. Our goal is to offer high-quality clothing that combines comfort, style, and care for the planet. By choosing Vatnique, you support eco-friendly production and a responsible approach to fashion.

Empty Industry offers unique upcycled clothing and home accessories. We create stylish and eco-friendly pieces by combining recycled materials with modern trends. Our products not only help reduce waste but also allow everyone to express their individuality. By choosing Empty Industry, you're investing in a sustainable future while receiving high-quality, original pieces for your wardrobe and interior. Nensi Avetisian offers unique clothing and accessories created using upcycling and recycling methods. Our products stand out not only for their stylish design but also for their environmental responsibility. We strive to reduce waste by transforming old materials into new, fashionable pieces. By choosing our clothing and accessories, you support sustainable consumption and contribute to environmental conservation. Nensi Avetisian is the perfect choice for those who appreciate fashion and care about the planet. RISHI is a sustainable upcycling brand from St. Petersburg that offers original and eco-friendly products. We transform unwanted materials into stylish and functional accessories, thereby reducing waste and supporting sustainable development principles. Our products combine high quality, unique design, and care for the environment. By choosing RISHI, you contribute to environmental protection and support responsible production methods.

On the left is a knitted dress with keys from aluminum cans. On the right is a "former" gun bag. Photo: Morphew / 1st Dibs / Swarovski / 1st Dibs.

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