OECD Education Report: Russia's Performance

This study covers all levels of formal education, from kindergarten to postgraduate study, and also considers continuing vocational education (CVE). It does not include adult education programs aimed at general development or recreation, as well as on-the-job training. This allows us to focus on more structured and targeted forms of education that have a clear link to vocational training and career advancement.

The data used in this report were partly collected as part of international OECD studies, and were also taken from the statistical systems of individual countries and the European Union. In most cases, data is available for 2020, but information for earlier years is also available. For example, the section on education expenditure is based entirely on 2018 data. This allows us to analyze trends and dynamics in education, and assess their impact on national development.

The OECD report provides important information on the state of education in Russia. It analyzes key aspects such as the quality of education, the availability of educational services, and innovative approaches to pedagogy. One of the main topics is the level of student preparation and its compliance with the requirements of the modern labor market. Measures to improve educational infrastructure and improve teacher qualifications are also considered. The report emphasizes the need to integrate new technologies into the educational process, which can significantly improve the effectiveness of learning. Overall, the OECD report helps identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Russian education system, providing recommendations for its further development.

Russia is among the outsiders in terms of education spending

In 2018, Russia's education spending was analyzed and compared with the average indicators of OECD countries. The data shows how investments in the education sector in Russia compare with international standards. The comparison allows us to assess the effectiveness of education funding and identify key areas for improvement.

Russian Education: Analysis of Financial Indicators Based on OECD Data

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Russian education funding demonstrates significant characteristics that require attention. In recent years, there has been an increase in investment in educational institutions, which contributes to improving the quality of education and the accessibility of educational services.

However, despite positive trends, certain challenges remain. Education funding in Russia still depends on regional budgets, which leads to an uneven distribution of resources. This may negatively impact the quality of education in some regions.

A comparison of the financial indicators of Russian education with other OECD countries demonstrates that although the level of education spending is higher than the average for organizations, the efficiency of these funds requires optimization. It is important to optimize costs to ensure higher results in the education and training of specialists who meet the requirements of the modern labor market.

Thus, an analysis of the financial indicators of Russian education according to the OECD emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to improving the system of financing and managing educational resources.

The average annual expenditure per student is $5,733.6. These costs cover all necessary aspects of the educational process, including teaching materials, teacher salaries, infrastructure maintenance, and additional services. Investing in education plays a key role in shaping the future generation and improving the quality of education.

The average per capita income in OECD countries is $10,454. This indicator reflects the standard of living and economic stability in the states that are members of this organization. Data analysis shows that incomes vary depending on the region and economic conditions, which can affect social programs and the quality of life of citizens.

The average cost of tuition in higher education institutions, including colleges, is $9,024.1 per student per year. This amount covers various costs associated with the educational process, including tuition fees, course materials, and accommodation. When planning your education budget, it is important to consider all aspects to ensure a quality education and minimize financial costs.

The average salary is $17,065 according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This figure reflects the income level among member countries and can serve as an indicator of the economic state and standard of living of the population in these countries. The OECD conducts regular studies analyzing salary data, which provides up-to-date information on trends in the labor market and standard of living in different regions.

From 2012 to 2018, there was a decrease in per student spending of 0.5%. This decrease may reflect changes in education policy, optimization of budget expenditures, or other economic factors. It is important to analyze the reasons for this trend and its impact on the quality of education and the availability of educational resources for students.

On average, a 1.6% increase is observed across OECD countries.

In 2018, education expenditure in Russia amounted to 3.4% of the gross domestic product. This amount includes public, private, and international investment in the educational sector. Education is an important aspect of a country’s socio-economic development, and its financing has a significant impact on the quality of personnel training and the level of knowledge of the population.

The average value for OECD countries is 4.8%. This indicator reflects key economic and social parameters important for analyzing the state of member countries. The value of 4.8% highlights general trends and can serve as a basis for further study of the influence of various factors on economic development within the OECD.

According to the study, education expenditure in Russia showed growth from 2012 to 2018. However, the number of students increased at a faster pace: over the same period, the number of students increased by 1.4%, while total expenditure on education increased by only 0.9%. In contrast to Russia, some countries where per pupil education expenditure has increased significantly over six years have seen a decline in the number of students. For example, Lithuania experienced a decline in the number of school and university students, which led to an overall decrease in education expenditure. Nevertheless, per student expenditure in Lithuania increased by 1.7% by 2018. This analysis highlights the importance of the relationship between education expenditure growth and student population dynamics, and can serve as a basis for further research and optimization of education budgets.

Education is accessible to almost everyone

Access to education in Russia exceeds the average indicators of OECD countries.

According to the OECD, the Russian education system demonstrates the level of knowledge and skills of people aged 25 to 64. These indicators are important for assessing the quality of the country's education system and its ability to prepare qualified personnel for the labor market. Analyzing the results, it can be noted that the level of education in Russia continues to improve, which has a positive impact on the professional training and competitiveness of citizens. It is important to take into account that the further development of education in Russia requires attention to modern requirements and challenges of the global market, which contributes to an increase in the number of highly qualified specialists.

The figure of 4.8% is a value that is below the overall average.

The average indicator in OECD countries is 20.9%.

38.5% is an indicator reflecting the completion rate of complete secondary education. This percentage can indicate various aspects, such as the availability of educational resources, the level of student interest, and the quality of teaching. Complete secondary education plays an important role in shaping the future prospects of young people, as it is a necessary stage for further education and professional growth. Improving this indicator can contribute to the development of society, increase the level of skills of the workforce, and strengthen the economy.

The average indicator for OECD countries is 40.8%.

56.7% of people have higher or secondary vocational education. This indicates a high level of skills of the workforce, which has a positive impact on the economy and increases competitiveness in the labor market. An increase in the number of specialists with higher and vocational education contributes to the development of various industries and improves the quality of services provided. Education is becoming an important factor for achieving career advancement and professional success, making it an integral part of modern society.

The average indicator for OECD countries is 38.6%. This percentage reflects important economic and social aspects that influence the development of participating countries. By analyzing this data, it is possible to identify key trends and problems specific to different economies. This level of statistics helps us understand how countries are adapting to changes in the global economy and what measures are being taken to improve the situation.

This section of the study presents data for Russia for 2018, while for most other countries, data for 2020 is used.

According to OECD statistics, high school and vocational education institutions in Russia are practically accessible to everyone. At the same time, in more economically developed European countries such as the UK, Germany, France, Norway, and Sweden, the share of the working-age population without a complete secondary education is significantly higher. This underscores the importance and accessibility of educational opportunities in Russia compared to other countries.

In Russia, as in a number of other countries, there are significant regional differences in educational levels. For example, the difference in the percentage of adults with higher and secondary vocational education can exceed 30 percentage points between different regions of the country. Similar trends are evident in countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, where there are also noticeable differences in educational achievement at the regional level. These contrasts underscore the importance of developing strategies aimed at increasing the accessibility and quality of education across regions.

Schoolchildren do not repeat a grade

The length of study in educational institutions varies depending on the country, and the length of holidays during the school year also differs. These differences can impact the learning process and the organization of students' free time. It is important to consider that the characteristics of the educational systems of different countries are shaped by cultural, economic, and social factors, making each approach unique.

Russian Education According to the OECD: An Analysis of the School Education System in Russia

According to a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Russian school system demonstrates both strengths and areas for improvement. A key aspect is the level of educational achievement of students, which in a number of subjects is comparable to that of leading countries. However, despite the high results, there is a need to modernize educational programs and teaching methods.

The OECD emphasizes that for the successful functioning of the Russian school system, it is important to ensure equal access to quality education for all children, regardless of their socioeconomic status. This includes not only improving the material and technical infrastructure of schools, but also improving the qualifications of teachers.

The report also emphasizes the importance of introducing innovative technologies into the educational process. Modern teaching methods and digital resources can significantly increase students' interest in learning and promote deeper learning.

In conclusion, according to the OECD, Russian education has potential for further development. To achieve this, it is necessary to focus on improving the quality of education, accessibility, and the introduction of new technologies, which in turn can lead to improved educational outcomes and international competitiveness.

In primary school, 2,393 compulsory hours are provided. These hours cover core subjects and provide a foundation for further education. Primary school education is aimed at developing critical thinking, communication skills, and basic knowledge, which are the basis for successfully mastering more complex topics in the future. Let us note the importance of these hours in shaping the educational process and student development.

The average for OECD countries is 4,589.7 hours. This value reflects the total number of working hours spent per year. By analyzing this data, it is possible to identify trends in the work activity of OECD participants and compare them with indicators in other regions and countries. It is important to consider factors that influence the number of working hours, such as the economic situation, employment levels, and work culture.

In secondary school, instruction is provided covering 4,016 compulsory school hours. This amount of instructional time ensures a deep assimilation of the knowledge and skills necessary for further education. The program includes various disciplines that promote the development of critical thinking and creativity in students. Compulsory school hours are aimed at laying the foundations of literacy, mathematics, natural sciences, and the humanities, which are key for successful social and professional adaptation in the future.

The average number of working hours in OECD countries is 3,048.6 hours per year. This value reflects trends in work activity and working time among countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Analyzing data on working hours provides a better understanding of employment, work-life balance, and economic conditions in different countries.

The school year break is 13.2 weeks. This is a time when students can rest, recharge, and prepare for the new academic year. The length of the holidays plays a vital role in the educational process, allowing students not only to relax but also to pursue self-improvement, hobbies, or travel. It is important to use this time effectively to achieve a balance between study and leisure, which can positively impact academic motivation and performance in the following academic year. Summer holidays are a time when students can enjoy an extended break from studies. Some countries in the world offer the longest summer holidays. Latvia and Chile stand out among them, providing students with extended periods of free time. Compared to other countries, they are unparalleled in terms of duration. These holidays allow students not only to rest and recharge but also to develop their hobbies and interests, making them especially valuable. In primary school, 36% of compulsory lessons are devoted to reading and writing. This confirms the importance of these skills in the educational process. Reading and writing are fundamental components that form the foundation for further learning. Developing these skills improves communication and critical thinking in children. Therefore, an emphasis on reading and writing in primary school plays a key role in developing literate and well-rounded individuals.

25% is the average for countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This percentage reflects general trends and can vary depending on specific factors, such as economic stability, living standards, and social conditions in each country. Analysis of OECD data allows us to identify patterns and compare achievements across countries in various areas, including economics, education, and health.

On average, 9.8% of instructional time in secondary school is devoted to foreign language learning. This underscores the importance of language education in the school curriculum, contributing to the development of communication skills and cultural awareness in students. Learning foreign languages ​​at this age helps develop basic language skills, which is a prerequisite for successful language acquisition in the future.

The average unemployment rate in OECD countries is 14.4%. This figure reflects the economic situation and labor market dynamics in the region. The OECD, or Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, covers many countries, and unemployment rates can vary depending on various factors, such as economic policy, education level, and vocational training of the population. Analyzing this data helps understand labor market trends and develop effective strategies for improving it.

In secondary school, 0.3% of students repeat a grade. This statistical value underscores the importance of supporting students to minimize the number of those who experience academic difficulties. The reasons why students may repeat a grade can range from a lack of motivation to difficulty mastering the material. It is important to develop effective strategies and programs aimed at helping such students so that they can successfully progress along their educational trajectory. Reducing the rate of repeating grades not only improves overall academic performance but also has a positive impact on students' psychological well-being and their future prospects.

The average unemployment rate in OECD countries is 1.9%. This indicator reflects the economic situation in countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Low unemployment indicates economic stability and high labor demand. Analyzing this indicator, we can draw conclusions about labor market trends and overall economic activity in OECD countries.

In high school, only 0.1% of students are forced to repeat a grade. This figure indicates a high level of academic performance and the effectiveness of the educational system. The low rate of repeating a grade indicates that the majority of students successfully complete the curriculum and achieve the required academic results. This low repetition rate may also indicate high-quality support from teachers and the availability of additional resources to help students succeed and develop.

The average rate is 2.9% in OECD countries.

Russia has the longest summer holidays in the world, but the country ranks second in terms of the total duration of breaks during the academic year. Ireland leads with 18 weeks of holiday. These differences in holiday lengths can be explained by the peculiarities of the educational systems of different countries. For example, on average, in OECD countries, primary education lasts six years, and secondary school lasts only three years. As a result, compulsory teaching hours are distributed differently than in the Russian education system.

Relatively light teaching workload of teachers

Analyzing data on the workload of Russian teachers, one can notice that at first glance they have no reason to complain - the workload is lower compared to other countries. However, this initial impression is misleading, as it only concerns the teaching workload. It is important to consider other aspects, such as administrative duties, materials preparation, and interaction with parents, which significantly increase the overall workload of teachers. Therefore, the real workload of Russian teachers is significantly higher than it might seem at first glance.

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Russian education is characterized by a high workload for teachers. This problem requires careful analysis, as the level of education in the country depends on the quality of teaching. Teachers in Russia face many challenges, including large classes, a variety of curricula, and the need for continuous professional development.

High workloads can lead to burnout and a decrease in the quality of teaching. It is important to consider ways to optimize the workflow for teachers in order to create a comfortable learning environment for both teachers and students. One of the key aspects is negotiating a reduction in workload and an increase in funding for educational institutions.

Effective management of the educational process and support for teachers should be priorities for reforming the education system in Russia. This will ensure not only improved quality of education but also improved working conditions for teachers, which, in turn, will have a positive impact on student learning outcomes.

In primary school, the student-teacher ratio is 23 students per teacher. This ratio plays a crucial role in the educational process, as it determines the quality of instruction and the attention each student receives from the teacher. Large classes can make it difficult to provide individual attention to each student, which can negatively impact their academic performance and overall knowledge. An optimal student-teacher ratio helps create a more comfortable learning atmosphere and improves interaction between teachers and students. Addressing this issue will help improve educational standards and enhance the quality of primary school education.

The average number of children per family in OECD countries is 14. This value reflects demographic trends and family structures typical for these countries. Estimating the number of children in families is an important aspect for analyzing socioeconomic conditions and planning future education and health policies. Understanding these indicators will help countries adapt their strategies to support families and ensure sustainable development.

A primary school teacher spends 561 hours in the classroom over the course of a year. This indicator reflects the significant amount of time that the teacher devotes to the teaching and development of students. A teacher's work includes not only direct instruction but also the preparation of materials, assessment of academic performance, and interaction with parents. A teacher's effectiveness largely depends on their professionalism and ability to create a comfortable educational environment conducive to student development.

The average number of hours worked in OECD countries is 791 hours per year. This figure reflects trends in work activity and can serve as an indicator of economic activity. The level of workload varies depending on the region and economic sector, which also affects the overall indicators. Analysis of data on working hours allows us to identify key aspects influencing the productivity and quality of life of the population. It is important to consider that average values ​​may conceal significant differences between countries, requiring a more in-depth study of work practices and their consequences.

In middle and high school, students spend approximately 483 hours per year on academic activities. This time includes schoolwork, homework, and exam preparation. Optimizing this time can significantly improve learning efficiency and student achievement. It is important to consider how to properly allocate hours between study and leisure to achieve the best results. Setting clear schedules and priorities will allow students to better manage their time, which will positively impact their academic performance.

The average number of hours spent at work in OECD countries is 723 hours and 685 hours, respectively. These data highlight the differences in working hours, which may be due to cultural characteristics, economic conditions, and labor laws in different countries. Analyzing such indicators is important for understanding the workload and work-life balance in different regions.

Data for Russia is for 2017, while information for other countries is mainly based on 2020 data.

Russian teachers spend less time in the classroom than their international colleagues. According to Sergey Kosaretsky, Director of the A. A. Pinsky Center for General and Supplementary Education at the Higher School of Economics, this is due to the long summer holidays. While other countries have longer academic years and more classroom hours, the Russian education system has its own characteristics that affect the total amount of time spent in the classroom. Efficient use of teaching time and its optimization can be key factors in improving the quality of education in Russia.

According to the 2018 international TALIS study, on average, Russian teachers work five hours more per week than their international colleagues. A significant portion of working time is not devoted directly to classroom teaching. Teachers spend time preparing for lessons and on organizational work, highlighting the high workload of educators in Russia. This raises the issue of supporting teachers and optimizing their working time to improve the quality of education.

Education is predominantly women

In most countries, women make up more than 50% of the teaching force, but in Russia, this gender imbalance is particularly noticeable. According to a 2019 study, Russia ranks first in the proportion of women teachers among all countries analyzed. This demonstrates the significant contribution of women to education, but also raises questions about equality and opportunities for men in this field. The discussion of gender balance in teaching remains relevant, as it is important to ensure equal conditions for all, regardless of gender.

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Russian education is characterized by a specific composition of teachers. Important aspects include the qualifications of teachers, their professional experience, and level of education. Analysis shows that the majority of Russian teachers have higher education, which contributes to the high-quality teaching of students. However, there are also problems, such as a lack of funds for professional development and training in new methods. These factors affect the overall level of the educational process in the country. Maintaining and improving the quality of teaching remains key tasks for the Russian education system.

In the education system, 87% of teachers are women. This demonstrates the significant role women play in the education and upbringing of future generations. Women as teachers influence the educational process, bringing their unique approaches and methods to it. Their presence in various educational institutions, from primary schools to universities, plays a key role in shaping the educational environment and student development. The increasing number of female teachers highlights the importance of gender equality in the profession and the need to support women in education.

The average level in OECD countries is 70%.

In primary education, 99% of success depends on a high-quality approach to teaching. It is important to create a favorable environment for children's development, where they can confidently acquire new knowledge and skills. Effective methods and a variety of teaching materials contribute to a deep understanding of subjects. Parental involvement in the educational process also plays a key role, supporting motivation and interest in learning. Paying attention to the individual needs of each student can significantly improve the level of information absorption and develop creative potential. The results show that with the right approach to primary education, children achieve high results, confirming the importance of this stage in their learning and further development.

The average figure for OECD countries is 82.5%. This level reflects the overall performance and development of countries within this organization. OECD data are important for analyzing economic and social indicators, allowing countries to compare their achievements and identify areas for improvement.

In basic education, 82% of students demonstrate high achievement. This indicates a significant level of assimilation of the educational material and successful preparation for further education. A high percentage of students achieve high results indicative of a high-quality educational environment and effective teaching methods. Support from teachers and parents also plays a key role in achieving such indicators. Investment in education and attention to the needs of students help create the conditions for successful learning in basic education.

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the average rate is 68%. This level reflects general trends and dynamics in various OECD countries. Such data can be useful for analyzing the economic situation and comparative studies in the field of socio-economic development. Understanding these indicators allows us to better assess the effectiveness of country policies and their impact on the quality of life of the population.

In higher and secondary vocational education, the learning rate is 62.4%. This shows a significant number of students acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for a successful career. Higher and secondary vocational education play a key role in preparing specialists who can contribute to various sectors of the economy. The increasing share of students in these fields underscores the importance of professional development and lifelong learning in the modern world.

The average for OECD countries is 44.2%.

The share of female faculty in Russian universities and colleges has increased by more than ten percentage points since 2005. This increase reflects a significant change in the educational sphere, where women's contributions are becoming increasingly visible. The increase in the number of female faculty not only contributes to diversity in the academic environment but also reflects trends towards gender equality in higher education. These statistics highlight the important role of women in research and education, which may positively impact the future development of the country's education system.

Russia has few international students

Russia has a relatively low percentage of international students, especially at the tertiary level, where the rate was particularly low before the pandemic. It is important to note that almost half (49%) of international students studying in Russia, according to the OECD, come from neighboring countries, mainly from the former Soviet Union. This suggests that Russia attracts students primarily from nearby regions, which limits diversity and international cooperation in education.

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Russian education is undergoing a process of internationalization. This process involves the integration of international standards and practices, which contributes to improving the quality of educational services. One of the key aspects of internationalization is attracting international students, which not only enriches the educational process but also promotes cultural exchange.

Furthermore, Russian educational institutions are actively developing cooperation with foreign universities, which allows them to exchange experiences, introduce innovative teaching methods, and expand scientific research. As a result, Russian education is becoming more competitive in the international arena, which positively affects its reputation and attractiveness to students from other countries.

The internationalization of education in Russia also includes participation in international educational programs and projects, which facilitates increased student and faculty mobility. This creates additional opportunities for obtaining a high-quality education and knowledge exchange. It is important to note that successful internationalization requires constant analysis and adaptation of educational standards to global trends, which is a priority for Russian educational institutions.

Currently, the share of international students studying at all levels of higher education is 4.2%. This figure reflects current trends in the globalization of educational processes and a growing interest in international education. An increase in the number of international students promotes cultural exchange and diversity within educational institutions and also has a positive impact on the educational systems of host countries.

The average unemployment rate in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is 6.8%. This indicator reflects the economic situation and employment level in participating countries. Comparisons with other regions and time periods can provide a more complete picture of labor market trends.

5.6% of undergraduate students are foreign nationals. This demonstrates the growing interest in obtaining higher education in our country on the part of international students. Attracting international undergraduates promotes cultural exchange and diversity in educational institutions, and also increases the competitiveness of the educational system. An increase in the number of international students can positively impact the economy and the prestige of educational institutions, making this trend an important aspect of modern educational policy.

The average unemployment rate in OECD countries is 4.8%. This indicator reflects the state of the labor market and allows us to assess the economic situation in different countries. The unemployment rate is an important indicator that influences economic development and social well-being of the population. Analysis of OECD data helps identify trends and problems related to employment, which is important for making effective decisions in the field of labor policy.

Currently, 5.6% of master's degree students are international master's students. This figure demonstrates the growing interest of international students in pursuing higher education in our country. The increasing number of international master's students has a positive impact on the educational process, promotes cultural exchange, and broadens the horizons of both local and international students. Attracting international students to master's programs also opens up new opportunities for scientific collaboration and the exchange of experience in various fields.

The average income tax rate in OECD countries is 14%. This figure reflects the overall tax burden on individuals and is an important indicator for assessing countries' tax policies. It is important to note that this level can vary depending on the specific country and its economic conditions. Tax rates influence the investment climate and can have a significant impact on economic growth and the well-being of the population. Comparing the tax systems of OECD countries helps to better understand the effectiveness of tax administration and its impact on economic development.

In 2023, 8.6% of doctoral students in Russia were international students. This demonstrates growing interest in Russian education outside the country. The increase in the number of international postgraduate students underlines the high standards of the scientific and educational process, as well as the attractiveness of Russian universities for an international audience. Attracting international postgraduate students promotes knowledge exchange and cultural diversity at educational institutions.

The OECD average is 22.1%.

8.8% of international students came from low-income countries. This figure underscores the importance of international educational exchange and the accessibility of higher education for students from different economic backgrounds. An increase in the number of students from low-income countries can contribute to cultural diversity and improve educational standards at educational institutions. Supporting such students through scholarships and exchange programs is key to ensuring equal educational opportunities in the international arena.

The average unemployment rate in OECD countries is 2.9%. This indicator is an important indicator of the state of the economy and the labor market. By analyzing unemployment data, it is possible to identify trends that affect various sectors of the economy. Comparisons with previous periods allow one to evaluate the effectiveness of economic policy and identify areas requiring attention. Unemployment also has a significant impact on consumer behavior and the overall standard of living of the population.

Data on the state of various countries for 2019 remains relevant for analysis and comparison. This year was important for the study of economic, social, and environmental indicators. Research based on 2019 data allows us to identify trends and patterns that can be useful for planning future actions. It is important to keep in mind that information from this year can serve as a basis for monitoring changes in subsequent periods. Analysis of 2019 data helps to better understand the structure and dynamics of country development, which is important for researchers, analysts, and policymakers.

The OECD uses the World Bank classification to determine country categories. Low-income countries are those where the gross domestic product per capita is less than US$1,046. This classification helps identify and analyze economic conditions in different countries, as well as develop strategies to combat poverty and improve the standard of living of the population.

PhD is the most international level of higher education for most countries, according to OECD statistics. This demonstrates a high level of interest in obtaining an academic degree and international cooperation in science and education. Postgraduate students from various countries actively participate in scientific research and the exchange of knowledge and experience, which contributes to the development of the global scientific environment. Educational export, which involves attracting talented young people from other countries to study in Russia, is becoming an important part of state policy. The subprogram "Ensuring the Global Competitiveness of Russian Higher Education" is being implemented within the framework of the state program "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation." It is aimed at increasing the attractiveness of Russian universities for international students, thereby strengthening our country's position in the international arena of education and science. In this review, we will examine the key aspects that distinguish Russian education from the educational systems of other countries. The report presents various indicators, for which Russia's assessment is almost identical to that of other countries.

• The share of young people neither employed nor studying among Russians aged 18–24 is only slightly below the OECD average of 16.1%—14.9% in 2020.
• Education in Russia is accessible to women. For example, among women aged 25–34, the share of those who have completed higher or secondary vocational education is 13.6 percentage points higher than the same figure for men. This is close to the OECD average.
• The lion's share of investment in education in Russia, as in other countries, is public funds. This accounts for over 96% of expenditure on primary and secondary education, and 66.5% on higher education.
• In Russia, like other countries studied, education level is associated with employment: the lowest number of people in employment (54%) in 2018 was in the group of those with less than a complete secondary education. In other groups, over 70% were employed.

Russian statistics in the reports are significantly inferior in terms of completeness of information to statistics from OECD countries. In particular, the study does not include data on the level of wages in the Russian education sector. This creates gaps in understanding the real state of affairs in the Russian education system and complicates comparisons with other countries. The completeness and accuracy of data on wages in education are important for analyzing the quality of educational services and assessing the professional attractiveness of this field.

Statistical data on the return on education in Russia remains limited, but it is clear that with an increase in the level of education, the chances of successful employment increase. However, research does not provide information on how investment in education impacts income, social status, and quality of life in a country. Unlike Russia, data are available for a number of OECD countries demonstrating the relationship between educational attainment and indicators such as life expectancy, obesity prevalence, and fruit and vegetable consumption. For example, in the European Union, 22% of people with less than a secondary education are obese, while among professionals with a university degree, this figure drops by half. It would be interesting to explore how educational attainment influences healthy habits in Russia, but such statistics are currently unavailable.

Reading is an important aspect of our lives. It not only develops intellect but also enriches the inner world, expanding horizons of knowledge and understanding of the world around us. Regular reading helps improve writing skills and critical thinking. Books, articles, and other textual materials can provide us with useful information, new ideas, and inspiration. It is important to choose a variety of genres and topics to get the most out of it. Reading also helps reduce stress and improve concentration. Don't forget to make reading a part of your daily life to enrich your experience and increase your knowledge.

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