Digitalization of Education: What It Is and Why It's Necessary / ITech content

Contents:

• What is digitalization of education and EdTech?
• Why are digital technologies being introduced into education?
• What benefits can digitalization bring to education?
• What government projects for digitalization of education are there in Russia?
• Stages of digital maturity in Russian schools and universities?
• How is digitalization related to informal education?
• Why is digitalization encountering resistance?

The introduction of digital technologies into education raises many concerns. In this article, we will analyze the main fears and myths associated with this topic, and also consider how digitalization can change the educational process for the better. We will discuss the benefits and challenges that arise from integrating technology into education, as well as ways to use it effectively.

• why the digitalization of education actually began;
• how this process is being directed by the state in Russia;
• what comes out of all these state projects;
• how digital is being introduced into informal education;
• and why there are so many opponents of digitalization.

What is digitalization of education and EdTech?

Digitalization of education and online distance education are not the same thing. Digitalization covers a wider range of concepts. It implies the use of various programs, applications, and digital resources for e-learning both remotely and in an educational institution. For example, this may include completing assignments on computers or tablets in the classroom. Digitalization improves the educational process, making it more accessible and interactive, increasing student engagement and learning. Digitalization encompasses not only educational processes but also organizational aspects. The introduction of electronic diaries and journals, as well as the ability to send messages to teachers online, replacing the need for phone calls or in-person visits to school, is an important part of this process. These technologies make interactions between students, parents, and educational institutions more convenient and effective. Digitalization of education has become especially relevant since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. Schools and universities were forced to switch to distance learning, which affected all participants in the educational process: students and their parents, teachers, students, and faculty. The transition to online learning has opened up new opportunities but also presented the education system with a number of challenges that require prompt solutions. Effective integration of technology into the educational process has become essential for ensuring high-quality education in today's world. Digitalization in education began developing much earlier than might initially appear. The introduction of digital technologies into the educational process has become a global phenomenon. The scale of this trend is confirmed by the size of the educational technology market, known as EdTech. According to the World Economic Forum, this market will reach $342 billion by 2025. The Coursera platform, for example, had 100 million online users last year, highlighting the huge interest in digital education.

Digitalization of education in According to experts from the Institute of Education at the Higher School of Economics, Russia has gone through several stages, each encompassing different aspects of this process. Initially, digitalization involved the introduction of basic information technologies into the educational process, such as computers and projectors. The emphasis then shifted to the creation of electronic educational resources and platforms, providing access to educational materials and distance learning courses. In later stages, digitalization began to include the integration of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, opening up new horizons for personalizing learning and analyzing educational outcomes. Thus, the digitalization of education in Russia is a complex and multifaceted process that continues to develop and change in accordance with modern requirements and challenges.

• The first wave of digitalization in the mid-eighties - early nineties was aimed at developing computer literacy and included the appearance of the first computer labs in schools and universities.
• At the second stage, from the mid-2000s, they began to talk about the introduction of information and communication technologies into the educational process - digital devices and formats began to be used not only in computer science classes.
• At the third - modern - stage, approximately since 2018, we are talking about digital transformation - the use of digital technologies in all processes in education.

In the process of digital transformation of education, all aspects of the educational process are being updated. Technologies are being introduced into educational institutions, which helps improve the quality of teaching and increase the accessibility of knowledge. Educational materials are becoming interactive, which contributes to a deeper perception of information. The use of online platforms and educational applications expands learning opportunities, allowing students to study at their own pace and in a comfortable environment.

Furthermore, the digitalization of education opens up new horizons for interaction between teachers and students. Feedback becomes faster and more effective, which contributes to improved learning outcomes. Thus, digital transformation not only updates educational methods but also creates a new approach to learning that meets modern requirements and expectations.

• planned educational outcomes and educational content. Indeed, people increasingly need digital competencies in their daily lives (for example, almost all interactions with government agencies now take place through the online "Gosuslugi" system, and with banks – through digital applications; for many people, the work of others is now unimaginable without digital technologies). This means that it is better to teach children how to use digital technologies correctly while still at school;
• pedagogical methods and teaching technologies, because classes in a digital environment differ in many ways from traditional classroom classes (the concept of digital didactics has even emerged);
• organization of educational work, tools (technical means) for it, and management of this process.

In recent years, there has been a need for a radical redesign of approaches to learning throughout the world. This is due to changes in the technological, economic, and social context, which require the adaptation of educational methods. It is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages associated with this transformation.

The advantages of the new approach to learning include more effective use of technology, which allows for the creation of interactive and personalized educational processes. This helps improve student engagement and enhance the quality of material acquisition. In addition, modern teaching methods help develop critical thinking and the skills necessary for successful life in a rapidly changing world.

However, there are also disadvantages. One of the main ones is the need for significant investments in infrastructure and teacher training. Also, the transition to new methods may cause resistance from traditional educational institutions and some groups of students accustomed to classical forms of education.

Thus, a large-scale redesign of teaching approaches is relevant and necessary, but requires a thorough analysis of both its pros and cons to achieve optimal results in the educational sphere.

Why digital technologies are being introduced into education

Many experts agree that in the modern world, education is impossible to imagine without digitalization. The digital environment of the Internet is becoming an important component of our lives, significantly simplifying various processes. It provides access to educational resources, modern teaching methods, and enables effective interaction between students and teachers. The importance of digitalization in education is difficult to overestimate, as it contributes to more effective assimilation of knowledge and an improvement in the level of educational services.

Elena Kazakova, Director of the Institute of Pedagogy at St. Petersburg State University and Chair of the Federal Educational and Methodological Association in the Higher Education System "Education and Pedagogical Sciences," asserts that the use of digital technologies in the educational process has become an integral part of modern learning. The question of their appropriateness is no longer relevant, as the digitalization of education opens up new opportunities for students and teachers, improving the quality of learning and access to information. The integration of modern technologies into the educational process allows for the creation of interactive and individualized learning environments, which facilitates more effective knowledge acquisition and skill development in students.

We are rejecting the implementation of digital technologies, but we are entering a new world. Let's stop relying on outdated methods like chalk and blackboard when the world around us is rapidly becoming digital. This is not only inappropriate but also ridiculous. It's important to adapt to modern requirements and utilize digital tools to keep pace with progress and ensure effective interaction in our society.

HSE Rector Nikita Anisimov emphasized that digitalization has become more than just a trend, but a necessary reality that universities must take into account. He noted that educational institutions must adapt and strive for digital maturity. Education and Science Minister Valery Falkov added that traditional in-person learning is also undergoing changes, and some aspects of remote interaction between students and teachers will remain relevant in the future.

Digital solutions and tools are becoming an integral part of the educational process, allowing for the automation of routine tasks and the enrichment of both classroom lessons and homework. Natalia Kravchenko, Chair of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation's Commission on Education, emphasizes the importance of their application in today's environment. The use of technology not only simplifies teachers' work but also makes learning more engaging and effective for students. The implementation of such tools helps improve the quality of education and prepare students for the challenges of the digital world.

The use of digital tools is not just a fashionable trend, but a vital necessity in the modern world. In a context of constant technological advancement and increasing competition, the integration of digital solutions is becoming a key factor in business success and personal effectiveness. The use of such tools allows for the optimization of processes, improved communication, and increased productivity. It is important to recognize that without digital technologies, it is impossible to remain competitive and adapt to rapidly changing market conditions.

The invention of printing in the 15th century radically changed the field of education, as until then, handwritten books were too expensive, and live lectures remained the primary method of transmitting knowledge. Today, digital technologies are having a similar impact on the educational process. As in the past, the emergence of new opportunities and tools opens a wide range of opportunities for students and teachers. Digitalization of education promotes accessibility of knowledge, diversity of teaching methods, and improved interaction between participants in the educational process.

Throughout human history, methods of communication and text creation have changed significantly. Initially, people used handwriting, which required time and effort. Then typewriters came along, simplifying the writing process. Modern technologies, such as computers with word processors, have made creating and editing text even more convenient. The evolution of communication has also led to the emergence of various means of communication. While previously, sending messages over long distances was possible only through letters, the development of the telegraph and telephone simplified this task. The modern internet has opened up new horizons for communication, allowing us to exchange information instantly and in various formats. All of these changes have significantly influenced how we create and perceive text, as well as the ways in which people interact.

Industrial revolutions play a key role in the history of economics and technology. The first industrial revolution, which began with the invention of the steam engine, led to the mechanization of production and the development of rail transport. These changes catalyzed the rapid growth of factories and mills in the late 18th century, significantly altering production processes and the social structure of society. This resulted in significant shifts in the economy, promoting urbanization and an expanding working class.

The Second Industrial Revolution in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was largely driven by the development of electricity and the internal combustion engine. These innovations led to the introduction of new production technologies, as well as the emergence of communications such as the telegraph and telephone. Automobiles became more affordable, allowing people in remote areas to exchange messages more quickly and significantly speeding up travel between cities. These changes not only transformed the industrial landscape but also had a profound impact on the social and economic structures of society.

The second half of the 20th century was marked by the advent of digital technologies, the growth of electronics and telecommunications, and the proliferation of personal computers. This period formed the basis for the Third Industrial Revolution. Innovations in IT and communications have led to significant changes in production processes and everyday life, facilitating the further development of the economy and society as a whole.

The development of the internet has become the catalyst for the fourth industrial revolution. This revolution is expected to see significant growth in technologies based on artificial intelligence, neural networks, augmented reality, and the Internet of Things. These innovations will not only transform traditional industries but also create new opportunities for business and society as a whole. The fourth industrial revolution promises not only improved productivity but also changes in people's lifestyles, opening up new horizons for development.

All revolutions have influenced educational processes to one degree or another. It would be strange if, despite the technological changes that have occurred, classes in schools and universities continued to be held by kerosene lamps, and students wrote with pens dipped in ink. Nowadays, it is also unnatural to ignore the benefits of digital technology. The integration of modern technology into education opens new horizons for students, allowing them to acquire knowledge more effectively and engagingly. Digital tools and resources make learning more accessible and diverse, which promotes critical thinking and creativity. Schools and universities, despite their conservative nature, are obliged to adapt to changes in society. Graduates of educational institutions must be prepared for life in the modern world, where digital technologies occupy a significant place in all spheres of activity. Preparing students for the realities of the digital age is an important task that will help them successfully integrate into the labor market and everyday life. Educational programs must include modern skills related to the use of technology to ensure graduates are competitive in a rapidly changing world. Students entering primary school and even kindergarten already have experience interacting with digital technologies. Although the differences between "digital natives" and previous generations are sometimes exaggerated—for example, university students around the world still prefer paper books to their electronic counterparts—it is clear that each new generation is becoming increasingly immersed in the digital environment. As a result, education systems are forced to adapt to students' learning habits, many of which rely on digital technologies. Updating educational methods and integrating technology into the learning process are becoming essential for successful learning in the modern world.

Digitalization of education does not imply a complete replacement of traditional teaching methods Electronic tools. Research shows that hybrid formats combining offline and online learning are generally more effective than entirely remote approaches or completely ignoring digital technologies. Effective education always includes live interaction with the teacher and fellow students. For example, online courses without feedback or lectures that do not prompt questions prove of little use. Therefore, the importance of face-to-face interaction in the educational process remains key to achieving high results.

What benefits can digitalization bring to education?

The effectiveness of digital technologies in education has been proven in several key areas. Firstly, they contribute to the increased accessibility of educational resources, allowing students and teachers to access information from anywhere in the world. Secondly, digital technologies facilitate the learning process by offering interactive and multimedia formats that make classes more engaging and understandable. Thirdly, the use of online courses and distance learning platforms expands opportunities for acquiring knowledge and skills, which is especially relevant in the face of modern challenges. Finally, digital technologies enable the individualization of learning, adapting educational materials to the needs of each student. Thus, the introduction of digital technologies into the educational process leads to a significant increase in its efficiency and quality.

• As in all other areas, digitalization in education simplifies organizational tasks. A school's electronic diary makes it easier to record and share information (for example, from a teacher to a student's parents and vice versa), and modern tools for universities make it possible to create an individual schedule for each of thousands of students (while also taking into account their personal choices).
• Digitalization makes education more convenient for schoolchildren and students. For example, hybrid learning opportunities, where some students are in the classroom with a teacher, while others connect remotely from home, allow schoolchildren and students to attend classes even when they are unable to attend physically (for example, due to illness). Blended learning opportunities, when digital technologies are used alongside the standard classroom format, help make learning more individualized: more capable students are given more challenging topics and activities, while weaker students are helped to practice the most difficult topics. Fully online programs allow students to study and take exams from anywhere.
• Online learning provides access to a much wider range of educational content than the traditional format. Large online platforms hosting massive courses from leading global universities (Coursera and other similar projects, including Russian ones) allow anyone from anywhere to attend lectures at, for example, Harvard or Moscow State University. Before the advent of such platforms, this opportunity was available only to students at these universities, but not everyone can enroll there. Now, various universities may include ready-made lecture courses from other leading universities in their programs.

Online courses are just one form of educational content available online. For schoolchildren and students, it is useful to be able to refer to explanations from other instructors if they are having difficulty understanding the material. Additional resources help reinforce knowledge through a variety of exercises, problems, and examples. Modern digital solutions make it possible to create unique assignments tailored to the needs of each student, which promotes deeper learning and improves the quality of education.

• In a virtual environment, you can practice real-world skills in a safe environment. If doing something exactly like real life right away is dangerous, impossible, or very expensive (for example, you can't immediately put a medical student at the operating table with a real patient, or a student pilot at the controls of a real airplane), then VR technologies come to the rescue. Learning in a digital environment allows you to collect and analyze data to subsequently improve the educational process. Learning analytics is not only a management tool for large-scale educational systems; it can also be useful for teachers working with multiple classes. There are examples where specialized online testing allowed teachers to spot students in their class whose difficulties or, conversely, successes they hadn't previously seen. Technology, in this sense, is impartial. In higher education, for example, big data helps assess even the likelihood of student expulsion and predicts how current applicants will study in the future.

Digitalization of education is not a replacement for the traditional format, which includes interaction between teachers and students. It is an alternative, as well as an additional resource that provides new, convenient tools for learning. Digital technologies enrich the educational process, allowing for the integration of modern methods and approaches, making learning more accessible and effective.

What state projects for the digitalization of education are there in Russia?

The introduction of digital technologies in education at the state level in Russia has been a hot topic for many years. However, particularly significant steps in this direction were taken after the pandemic, when the need for distance learning and digital solutions became more obvious. State initiatives to integrate technology into the educational process contribute to improving the quality of education, the availability of educational resources, and the implementation of innovative methods. The gradual development of digital infrastructure, as well as the training of teachers to work with new tools, are opening up new horizons for students across the country.

• This year, schools are conducting an experiment to develop a "Digital Educational Environment" (DEE). It currently covers 15 regions. The experiment, part of the national "Education" project, involves both the technical re-equipment of schools and the creation of new digital services for them. For example, the "My School" platform is being developed, which is intended to become a large ecosystem of a variety of digital tools: from electronic diaries and journals to the exchange of educational materials between teachers, students, and their parents.
• A broader program of digital innovations for schools and colleges is outlined in the Russian Government's decree on the digital transformation of education. The document envisages the creation of a digital management system for educational organizations, digital assistants for students, teachers, and parents, as well as digital student portfolios. It appears that the "My School" system will also serve as the basis for these solutions.
• Various areas of digital transformation for universities are also envisaged. It is focused not so much on the development of educational services, but on the development of an infrastructure for collecting and processing industry data on universities and research institutions, the implementation of information systems for scientists, and the formation of their own digital transformation teams at universities.

Universities often play a key role in the digitalization of education, acting as experts. For example, universities participating in the Priority program have created digital departments. In these departments, students can obtain additional qualifications in the field of information technology. This allows young professionals not only to expand their knowledge but also to increase their competitiveness in the labor market. The development of digital skills is becoming an important aspect of modern education, making universities hubs of innovation and the training of qualified IT personnel.

Stages of digital maturity in Russian schools and universities

State programs have significant potential, but not all ideas reach the implementation stage. The digitalization of education in Russia has seen mixed success. The main challenges facing researchers and practitioners include a lack of funding, a lack of a unified approach to technology implementation, and a shortage of qualified personnel. These factors significantly slow down the digitalization of educational processes and limit students' access to modern educational resources. Effective solutions to these issues can significantly improve the quality of education and increase its accessibility for all segments of the population.

• uneven coverage and quality of internet access and the necessary equipment in urban and rural schools;
• lack of competencies in working with technology and specialized software among teachers and university professors;
• impractical and ineffective advanced training courses on digital tools;
• focus on traditional pedagogical solutions approved by the administration of the educational institution;
• lack of technical solutions on the market that respond to the real needs and problems of teachers;
• mistrust of innovations on the part of teachers;
• increased frequency of cheating among students in distance learning.

How digitalization is related to informal education

In recent years Digitalization outside of public schools and universities has rapidly expanded. This process has given rise to a new field: online education, or EdTech. It encompasses a variety of educational programs for children and adults on online platforms. However, it's important to remember not to overestimate the scale of technological change. Even some executives at major EdTech companies argue that online platforms have merely transformed the delivery of educational content, but have not led to fundamental changes in the structure of education.

Online learning based on the use of digital platforms, trainers and simulators has gained great popularity in Russia among both children and adults. This learning format allows for a flexible approach to learning, providing access to a variety of educational resources. The use of modern technology promotes more effective learning and increases interest in learning.

Continuing education for adult Russians is increasingly being provided through online courses, making the learning process more accessible. This is especially relevant for those who previously had no opportunity to study due to work commitments. Corporate training is also actively implementing digital technologies, allowing employers to organize courses for employees in a blended format that combines offline and online learning. This approach promotes flexibility and effectiveness, meeting the needs of the modern labor market.

Schoolchildren still prefer to attend additional classes in the traditional offline format. However, interest in online tutors and educational platforms is significantly increasing. Currently, the share of students choosing online learning is 7.6%. This trend is particularly strong among urban schoolchildren, where almost 15% of students take online classes. This demonstrates a growing interest in flexible educational formats and the ability to acquire knowledge in a convenient format.

The reasons for EdTech's popularity are obvious. Firstly, it offers flexible learning opportunities at a convenient time and place, making education more accessible. Secondly, EdTech actively utilizes modern technologies to engage audiences and create engaging educational products, allowing this industry to significantly outpace traditional education. By combining innovation with interactive formats, EdTech provides more effective and engaging learning.

The informal education market will likely not survive for long without government regulation. The State Duma is actively discussing initiatives to license online courses and has approved new rules for educational activities. In the near future, EdTech projects will be able to integrate into general education schools only through the state registry of digital educational content. This change highlights the importance of quality control and standardization of educational programs in the context of rapid technological development.

Why digitalization meets resistance

Digitalization of education faces a number of significant challenges. One of the main barriers to the successful implementation of projects in this area is two digital divides. These divides hinder access to quality education and limit the ability of students and teachers to use modern technologies. Resolving these problems is key to the effective integration of digital tools into the educational process.

• First, a significant portion of the population does not have computers or other gadgets necessary for online learning and a high-quality internet connection.
• Second, people without sufficient experience using the internet and digital resources find it difficult to study online. Some people are unaware of the useful capabilities of digitalization and use smartphones only for entertainment, while others, even aware of various useful features, cannot learn to work with applications and programs without outside help.

It is not enough to simply provide teachers and students with gadgets. It is also important to introduce them to the real possibilities of digital technology. This includes training in the use of modern tools and resources that can significantly improve the educational process and expand their horizons of knowledge. Thus, the integration of digital technologies into education requires not only equipment but also high-quality user training.

A significant problem is that pedagogical rules and teaching methods in the digital environment are just beginning to emerge. Digital didactics is a relatively new phenomenon and is in the stage of active development. Currently, the effectiveness of online classes and individual digital tools, as well as the impact of digital technologies on student achievement, are being studied. At the moment, digital learning can be considered an experiment.

Often, the concept of digital transformation conceals the simple digitization of traditional teaching methods. This approach fails to take into account the potential of available educational content and individualization based on student interests and abilities. For example, if a teacher delivers a lecture via video conference without realizing how many students are actually listening and who is busy with their own activities, this cannot be considered full-fledged digitalization. Purchasing equipment for a school that is not used also does not correspond to the concept of digital learning. It is important to implement modern technologies in a way that truly improves the educational process and supports active student participation.

Digitalization in education is a matter of much debate. Not all digital tools are beneficial in the educational process, and sometimes failures in technology implementation can negate positive intentions. However, the correct use of digital solutions can significantly improve the quality of education and make it more accessible. It is important to recognize that the success of digitalization depends on the wise selection of tools and approaches to their integration into the educational process.

Failure to digitalize education can lead to significant losses. Until all aspects of digital technology are fully explored, such a decision will limit the opportunities for both teachers and students. Without modern digital tools, the educational process will become less effective and engaging. Graduates will be unable to develop the essential skills needed in the modern world. Digitalization opens new horizons for learning, enabling the integration of innovative methods and improving the quality of education.

Calls to completely abandon electronic tools in education, ban distance learning, and the use of gadgets in the classroom reflect not so much concern for students and teachers as a psychological rejection of modern changes. It is important to understand that the digitalization of education can significantly improve its quality and accessibility. The introduction of technology into the educational process opens new opportunities for students and teachers, facilitating access to information and a variety of educational resources. A rejection of innovation can slow the development of the educational system and deprive students of the necessary skills in demand in the modern world.

Resistance to digital technologies is often associated with internal problems in the implementation of digital projects. When digitalization strategies are developed formally, without considering the real needs of teachers and students, serious problems arise. For example, there may be a discrepancy between the stated level of technology and the actual state of affairs, where everything looks good on paper, but in practice the situation is significantly worse. Furthermore, if new educational tools are presented in a way that makes teachers feel distrustful of their skills and devalued, this only exacerbates the situation. Effective digitalization of the educational process requires a careful approach to the needs of all participants and the creation of an atmosphere of trust and support. It is not surprising that initiatives, including legislative ones, aimed at banning electronic learning tools in schools and universities regularly arise. Although such initiatives have not yet achieved success, they continue to receive support from many educational stakeholders. The question of the appropriateness of using digital technologies in education remains relevant and provokes active discussions among teachers, parents, and students. Learn more about the world of education in our Telegram channel. Join us and stay up to date with the latest news, interesting facts, and useful resources. Subscribe and expand your knowledge!

Read also:

• How schools and universities teach using virtual and augmented reality
• EdTech in Russia: what's the state of affairs
• Smartphones in school: what's allowed and what's not
• "There is an acute shortage of Russian analogues of educational web services"