How to Build Learning Under Stress: Advice for Teachers and Methodologists

Contents:

• What is stress and what types are there?
• How stress affects cognition and behavior
• What educational practices reduce the impact of stress
• How stress affects a person's values ​​and attitudes
• How the educational environment will help adapt
• Two strategies for stress management at the organizational level

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The co-founder and curator of educational programs at the School of Education, as well as the author of the book "Designing the Educational Experience," is actively involved in the development of educational initiatives and innovative teaching methods. His work is aimed at creating high-quality educational content and improving the learning process.

This article is based on the lecture "Learning and Stress: How to Support Students in a Crisis Context?" given by the School of Education. In times of crisis, when students face increased levels of stress, it is especially important to understand how to create a supportive educational environment. Supporting students at such times requires a comprehensive approach, including emotional, psychological, and academic support.

Effective strategies for reducing stress include implementing flexible teaching methods, adapting learning materials, and creating a safe space to discuss emerging difficulties. It is important not only to consider the individual needs of students but also to actively engage them in the learning process. Educators can use a variety of technologies and methodologies to make learning more interactive and engaging.

Support from teachers and parents also plays a key role in reducing stress and increasing student motivation. During a crisis, it is important to develop students' skills for managing their emotions and stress, which will help them not only in their studies but also in life. Thus, creating a supportive educational environment is the key to successful learning during a crisis.

What is stress and what types are there?

Stress is not always a negative state. It can manifest itself in both harmful and beneficial forms. It's important to understand that stress can stimulate action, help solve problems, and increase productivity. However, prolonged or excessive stress can negatively impact health and emotional well-being. Proper stress management allows you to use it to your advantage, turning potential threats into opportunities for growth and development. Scientifically, the beneficial type of stress is called eustress. This type of stress occurs when a person perceives a stressful situation as a new challenge and experiences positive emotions. Eustress can manifest itself in various life situations, such as buying an apartment or the first day at a new, exciting job. Understanding eustress allows people to use it to their advantage, turning potentially stressful moments into opportunities for personal growth and development. If a situation is perceived as a threat associated with deprivation, failure, injury, or violence, this leads to distress—negative stress. Distress does not bring benefits to the body, especially if it continues for a long time. In this text, we will focus on harmful stress caused by various factors outside the learning process.

It is important to understand that stress may not only arise from external factors. The learning process can also be a source of stress for an individual. Students and learners often face pressure from exams, deadlines, and the volume of information they need to learn. This underscores the importance of psychological preparation and the development of effective study strategies aimed at reducing stress and improving learning.

The Yerkes-Dodson law, named after psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dodson, describes the relationship between arousal and task performance. In the early 20th century, they found that moderate pressure promotes improved performance, but that too much stress reduces performance. This phenomenon highlights the importance of finding the optimal balance between arousal and stress to achieve the best results in various activities. Understanding the Yerkes-Dodson Law can help you manage your emotions and create an environment conducive to productivity.

Learners experience boredom when learning does not provide any challenges. Moderate pressure, on the other hand, contributes to the development of beneficial stress, which increases motivation, helps to focus on the task, and achieve results. However, if the pressure becomes too great and the load is not reduced, this stress begins to negatively affect the learner's condition, leading to a deterioration in their well-being and a slowdown in progress. It is important to maintain a balance to ensure that learning remains productive and effective.

How stress affects cognition and behavior

Stress affects important aspects of learning, such as memory, information absorption, concentration, and social-emotional behavior. High levels of stress can negatively impact your ability to remember and process information, as well as make it difficult to focus on academic tasks. Furthermore, stressful situations can impact your interactions with others and your overall emotional state, which in turn makes learning more challenging. Managing stress and finding ways to minimize it are essential for effective learning. Short-term physiological stress, characterized by increased levels of the hormone cortisol and increased heart rate, can have a variety of effects on the body. This type of stress occurs suddenly and typically passes quickly, but its impact can be both positive and negative. It is important to understand how short-term stress affects your health and daily life, as well as how to effectively manage it to minimize negative effects. Students may experience short-term stress during class, and according to research from the University of Amsterdam, this stress may promote more efficient transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory. As a result, students in stressful situations may remember the material they studied better than those in the control group. This finding highlights the importance of understanding the role of stress in the learning process and its potential impact on memory and knowledge acquisition.

Reading is an essential aspect of our daily experience. It enriches knowledge, develops critical thinking, and allows us to immerse ourselves in new worlds. Reading books, articles, and other materials helps improve communication skills and broadens our horizons. It is important to devote time to both fiction and nonfiction to gain a comprehensive understanding of the world. Regular reading helps shape our own opinions and develops creativity. Remember that reading is not only entertaining but also beneficial for our mind and soul.

Research has shown that the human body processes in-person and online learning differently. In traditional classroom learning, students are able to better interact with instructors and peers, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the material. In contrast, online learning, while offering flexibility and accessibility, can reduce student engagement and attention. Researchers note that physical presence during the learning process plays an important role in forming social connections and maintaining motivation to learn. Thus, the choice between in-person and online learning can significantly impact the effectiveness of knowledge acquisition. Stress experienced before the start of a course significantly hinders the process of memorizing the material learned. Under stress, the brain experiences a lack of resources, which interferes with the effective transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory. This emphasizes the importance of emotional state for successful learning and the acquisition of new knowledge. Chronic stress is a long-term condition that negatively impacts human health. Research conducted by scientists from Hamburg has shown that chronic stress significantly affects the ability to concentrate. This can hinder the process of learning and assimilating information, which in turn reduces overall productivity. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to your stress levels and take steps to reduce them in order to maintain not only physical but also mental health.

If a student is not exposed to prolonged stress, their working memory effectively filters out distractions. This allows him to concentrate, carefully read a textbook chapter, and remember key ideas. Maintaining psychological well-being and reducing stress play an important role in improving the ability to learn and remember information.

Chronic stress negatively affects a person's working memory, reducing its effectiveness. Under stress, the brain loses the ability to filter distractions, making it difficult to concentrate on tasks. In addition, stress impairs the process of transferring new information to long-term memory, which reduces the ability to remember. The ability to retrieve learned information from long-term memory is also impaired, which can lead to problems with recall. Thus, chronic stress significantly affects cognitive functions, making it difficult to learn and remember information.

Prolonged exposure to negative factors significantly impairs learning ability.

There is an opportunity to improve the situation. Fortunately, we can partially mitigate the negative consequences by adapting the educational environment and changing the ways students interact with educational materials. Effective techniques such as the use of interactive resources, the introduction of technology, and a personalized approach to learning can significantly improve student engagement and academic performance. Therefore, it is important to reconsider traditional approaches to teaching and implement innovative solutions to create a more effective learning environment. Study Practices That Reduce the Impact of Stress There are many effective methods for reducing the impact of chronic stress, which can help relieve working memory, improve memorization and recall, and teach students to manage their emotions and psycho-emotional state. Using these strategies can significantly enhance the quality of learning and improve overall well-being. Regular physical activity, focusing on relaxation techniques such as meditation and deep breathing, and maintaining a balanced diet are recommended. Organizing a sleep and rest routine is also helpful, which promotes the restoration of mental and physical resources. It's important to develop emotional intelligence skills to better cope with stressful situations.

Short-term stress in the learning environment can improve performance and enhance retention. However, chronic stress creates constant pressure and tension, which negatively impacts learning. In conditions of constant stress, additional stress exposure only exacerbates problems with learning and reduces learning effectiveness.

If you recognize that many participants in your training are chronically stressed, it would be wiser to avoid using stress-inducing techniques. This will help create a more comfortable and productive learning environment, which, in turn, will improve learning effectiveness. It is important to consider the psychological aspects of learning and adapt approaches according to the state of the students.

One effective teaching method is the error-based learning method. This method involves presenting a new problem to an unprepared student. When attempting to solve it, they are likely to encounter errors. Subsequently, reflection occurs, during which the student and the teacher analyze their mistakes, which ultimately facilitates the acquisition of new knowledge. However, it is important to note that solving problems without prior preparation can cause stress. In a crisis situation, this approach can be more harmful than beneficial for the student. Reducing the student's level of autonomy can be an important step in the educational process. Independent decision-making and choice situations create positive stress, which, under favorable conditions, motivates the student. However, in cases of chronic stress, it is recommended to reduce the amount of such stress. The optimal level of autonomy depends on each student's previous experience, as there is no universal solution. A smooth increase in the complexity of the learning material is an important aspect of effective learning. Many educational programs are structured in which the difficulty increases too rapidly from one level to the next. This can cause stress for students and hinder their academic performance. In such cases, it is advisable to reconsider the approach to the learning dynamics: intermediate steps should be added or certain elements simplified. This will allow students to more confidently move on to new knowledge and skills, which will ultimately improve their academic performance and increase their motivation to learn.

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The optimal approach to learning: Theory first or problem first? This question worries many teachers and students. Research shows that combining theoretical knowledge with practical tasks can significantly improve learning effectiveness. Starting with theory allows you to build a solid foundation for understanding, while solving practical problems helps consolidate the acquired knowledge and develop skills. On the other hand, solving problems at the beginning can generate interest and motivation to study the theoretical material. It is important to consider the individual characteristics of students and the learning context in order to choose the most appropriate method. Thus, a harmonious combination of theory and practice can lead to the best learning results.

To restore students' ability to concentrate, it is necessary to reduce their cognitive load, that is, reduce the amount of information they must hold in their working memory. This can be achieved through various methods, such as simplifying learning materials, using visual cues, and structuring information. By reducing the amount of data that students must process simultaneously, we contribute to improving their attention and assimilation of the material. Thus, optimizing cognitive load becomes a key factor in improving learning effectiveness.

It is better to avoid open-ended tasks, especially for beginners. Clearly formulated assignments with clear objectives and instructions are more effective. This approach promotes better assimilation of the material and increases student motivation. Clear assignments help focus on the main aspects of the topic and ensure higher learning outcomes.

Secondly, it is recommended to provide examples of assignment completion or partial solutions. This will allow students to navigate the process rather than searching for solutions on their own. This approach reduces stress and promotes better assimilation of the material, as students can rely on ready-made examples and complete tasks by analogy.

It is important to avoid redundancy in the presentation of information. Cognitive load is closely related to the effect of divided attention, which occurs when a person must process information from different sources. For example, if an illustration is presented on the board and its explanations are in a textbook, this can hinder the perception process. Combining all elements in one place will help reduce the load on working memory and improve assimilation of the material.

When discussing redundancy, it is important to remove all elements that do not contribute to achieving the educational goal. Information that may seem interesting but isn't necessary for understanding the topic is a distraction. In situations where people have difficulty concentrating, it's best to eliminate unnecessary facts and stories to focus on the essence and ensure more effective learning. It's important to teach students how to effectively decompress their working memory. This can be done by first eliminating distractions, such as smartphone notifications, which can be turned off during class. It's also helpful to pay attention to the conditions that help them focus. For example, some students find background music helpful while reading, while for others it can be a distraction. Understanding your preferences will help everyone find the optimal way to organize their learning process and increase productivity.

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The main problem of modern education is that people have lost the motivation to make efforts and learn. This leads to a decrease in the quality of knowledge and skills acquisition. In the context of rapid technological advancement and constant societal change, it is necessary to renew interest in learning and the desire for self-improvement. Without active participation and engagement of students in the educational process, the effectiveness of learning is significantly reduced. It is important to create conditions that will promote the development of critical thinking and the ability to independently seek knowledge. Education should not simply be a mandatory stage of life, but an engaging and useful process that helps develop personal and professional qualities.

To improve the effectiveness of memorization and recall of information, it is recommended to use the spaced repetition method. This technique involves repeating information several times during the learning process, but with sufficient intervals between repetitions. For example, a student can study a new topic and solve a corresponding problem in September, then return to this topic and problem in December, and again in March. This approach promotes a deeper assimilation of knowledge and skills and also improves recall. Recent studies have shown that spaced repetition activates certain mechanisms in the brain, which makes the memorization process more effective.

Breaking large and complex problems into smaller elements is an effective teaching strategy. Instead of presenting students with one large project, it is beneficial to offer them a set of tasks. This approach promotes repeated repetition of the material covered and allows students to practice their skills. This method not only facilitates the assimilation of information but also increases student engagement in the learning process.

For effective retention of material, it is important not to leave students alone with a task. Discussing the task with the instructor or other students contributes to a better understanding of the topic. Collaborative reflection and the exchange of ideas help to delve deeper into the essence of the problem and improve the learning process. This approach not only enhances the assimilation of information but also develops critical thinking and teamwork skills.

Each person reacts to stress individually, making it important to incorporate student reflection into the educational process. This will allow them to understand their current state and learning abilities. This approach emphasizes the need to avoid isolated learning. Even in asynchronous courses that emphasize independence, organizers can create spaces for communication, such as through group chats. This will help students feel supported and engaged in the learning process, which will positively impact their motivation and performance. Implementing individualized support practices is an important aspect of the educational process. Support can be provided by a psychologist, tutor, or course supervisor, who promptly responds to student requests. This approach allows for discussion of learning progress and effective resolution of any difficulties that arise. Individual support helps create a comfortable learning environment and improves student achievement.

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Synchronous activities for asynchronous online courses: 13 effective ideas

Asynchronous While online courses offer flexibility in learning, implementing synchronous activities can significantly increase student engagement and improve their learning experience. This article presents 13 effective synchronous activities that can be integrated into asynchronous courses to make learning more interactive and engaging. Synchronous video classes can serve as a great complement to asynchronous materials, allowing students to ask questions and receive instant answers from the instructor. Organizing webinars or online discussions promotes the exchange of ideas and active student engagement. Live group projects help develop teamwork skills and provide an opportunity to collaborate on assignments. Chat sessions for real-time discussion of course topics create a platform for the exchange of ideas and opinions among students. Using polls and quizzes can help test student knowledge and make the learning process more interactive. Online games or quizzes held during classes help reinforce material in a fun way. Creating virtual offices allows students to access instructors for consultations at a convenient time. Regular feedback meetings provide an opportunity to discuss progress and identify problems that may arise during the learning process. Synchronous discussions of cases or real-life situations help students apply knowledge in practice. Incorporating basic role-playing games into synchronous classes develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It is also useful to organize collaborative brainstorming sessions where students can generate ideas and find creative solutions. Finally, using collaboration platforms such as Google Docs promotes effective interaction between course participants. These 13 synchronous activities can significantly enrich asynchronous online courses, improving interaction between students and instructors and promoting deeper learning. Implementing these methods will help create a more dynamic and engaging learning environment.

Stress often negatively impacts a person's social-emotional skills, which are necessary for managing emotions and expressing them appropriately in social situations. Under stress, people may become aggressive in situations where they would normally behave more restrained. This can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings in communication with others. It is important to understand the impact of stress on emotional well-being and develop emotional regulation skills to maintain harmonious relationships with others. Effective stress management techniques can help improve social interactions and enhance quality of life.

Positive role models play an important role in the educational process. Their example helps students understand what behavior is desired in the learning environment. The presence of such models contributes to the formation of correct values ​​and norms, which, in turn, improves the classroom atmosphere and increases student motivation. Using role models not only inspires students but also develops their social skills and self-confidence.

We can't change the chronic stress that arises from external factors in students' lives. However, we can provide academic stress management sessions to help students cope with tension and find ways to relax.

Emotions play a key role in the learning process and cannot be ignored or completely eliminated. An approach in which students first learn and then deal with their feelings on their own can be harmful and even dangerous. It is important to recognize that negative emotions are a natural part of learning and must be addressed. Teachers must be prepared to work with these emotions to create a supportive environment conducive to effective learning and student development.

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Adults studying in various fields often face a number of fears that can interfere with their learning. One of the most common fears is the fear of failure. Adults may fear that they will not be able to cope with new challenges or achieve expected results. This can lead to decreased motivation and self-confidence.

Another common fear is the fear of criticism. Adult students may worry that their ideas or work will be evaluated negatively, which can hinder their participation in discussions and group work. This fear can be especially pronounced in a learning environment where feedback is important.

Also worth noting is the fear of change. Many adults already have established habits and approaches to learning, and switching to new methods or technologies can be uncomfortable. This can lead to resistance to new ideas and approaches, which slows the learning process.

To address these fears, instructional designers can use a variety of strategies. It is important to create a supportive and safe learning environment where students can freely express their thoughts and ideas without fear of judgment. Organizing group discussions and collaborative projects can help reduce fears as participants can share experiences and support each other.

Furthermore, it is helpful to provide constructive feedback that focuses on development and improvement rather than criticism. This will help students feel more confident and motivated.

Finally, educators can integrate active learning methods and hands-on assignments that allow students to apply their acquired knowledge in practice. This will reduce the fear of failure as the focus will be on the learning process, not just the end results.

How stress affects a person's values ​​and attitudes

Any meaningful activity that brings a person satisfaction and happiness arises from intrinsic motivation. This means that the source of such actions is not external stimuli, such as rewards or punishments, but personal aspirations and conscious desire. Intrinsic motivation plays a key role in achieving success and harmony in life, promoting personal development and improving the quality of life. Education plays a key role in our lives. When we recognize the personal meaning and value of the educational process, it positively impacts our emotional state. In most cases, meta-learning is helpful in finding this meaning and developing intrinsic motivation. Reflective practices, such as pondering questions like, "How do I learn? Why do I need it? Why is it important? What goals do I achieve through learning?" help us gain a deeper understanding of our own motives and goals. This approach not only increases interest in learning but also promotes more effective acquisition of knowledge. Severe or chronic stress can significantly undermine a person's intrinsic motivation. As a result, this can lead to a loss of interest in both learning and life in general. However, it is worth noting that the human psyche has unique adaptive mechanisms that help us cope with the most difficult circumstances. These mechanisms allow us to restore motivation and find meaning even in the most challenging situations.

Researcher Crystal Park presented her model of "meaning production" in stressful situations. In her work, she proposes a distinction between global meanings, such as a person's values, views, and attitudes, and situational meanings, which arise in response to significant events or challenges. By situational meanings, Park understands the conclusions we draw when faced with problems, which allows us to better understand the mechanisms by which we perceive and cope with stress.

When situational conclusions contradict our values ​​and attitudes, adaptation mechanisms are activated. Research shows that we cognitively and emotionally process situational meanings, which allows us to revise and modify our global meanings. This modification can be subtle or significant, depending on the circumstances. If the psyche successfully copes with this task, the person undergoes a transformation, experiences internal changes, and regains a holistic perception of their global meanings. Education, especially in the context of theoretical knowledge, is a stressful process that can significantly change a person's personality. When an external event intervenes in this process, causing a need to reconsider core values, the person's psyche experiences additional stress. How can this burden be alleviated? We will discuss this further.

How the Educational Environment Can Help You Adapt

When experiencing double stress, a person experiences two opposing drives, each of which plays an important role in a sense of well-being. These drives may conflict with each other, but their synergy is necessary to achieve inner balance and psychological comfort.

The first concept is related to community involvement, which implies understanding and support from people around you. The second concept is agency, which denotes the desire to influence and implement meaningful actions. Both aspects play a key role in personality development and contribute to the development of social connections. It is important to understand how community support and active participation in the lives of others influence personal growth and self-realization.

For students to successfully adapt to stressful situations and meet their aspirations, the educational environment should promote self-realization and collaboration. It is important to create an atmosphere of support and acceptance, where each student can develop their skills and interact with others. Such an environment not only promotes personal growth but also strengthens mutual understanding and team spirit among students.

The key idea is to make students active participants in the educational process. To achieve this goal, learning must have elements of horizontality. The degree of this horizontality varies depending on the age of the students. For example, younger students require the support of a significant adult who will guide them through the learning process. This creates a more comfortable and productive educational environment, promoting the development of independence and critical thinking in children.

Simple methods such as "open mics" are effective in enhancing student agency. This creates a platform where students can present their projects, share interests, and ask questions that are important to them. This approach not only develops self-confidence but also promotes active engagement in the learning process, allowing each student to express their thoughts and ideas. Open dialogue fosters a community where student opinions and suggestions matter, ultimately fostering deeper learning and developing critical thinking.

Collaborative curriculum design is an essential aspect of the learning process. This interaction between a program designer, such as a methodologist or instructor, and students enables the creation of a more effective and relevant curriculum. Key program elements, its structure, and any necessary modifications are discussed during this dialogue. This approach not only improves the quality of education but also ensures that students' interests and needs are taken into account, which in turn increases their motivation and engagement in the learning process.

Agency is demonstrated through learning activities integrated with real life. If students are isolated from the outside world and focused only on classroom activities, this does not contribute to the development of their agency. It is important to consider the possibility of integrating project-based learning into the curriculum. To develop employee skills, it is worthwhile to use on-the-job training methods rather than limiting them to off-site training. These approaches promote deeper knowledge acquisition and the development of practical skills, making learning more effective and relevant to the demands of the modern world.

It is important to consider that a strictly defined learning path can negatively impact the development of agency in students. On the one hand, a clear path helps reduce stress, since students do not waste time thinking about how and in what direction to move. This can be useful for enhancing cognitive abilities. On the other hand, such a structure limits autonomy and the ability to make independent decisions. In this situation, it is necessary to weigh what is more important: stress management or the development of agency, which is a key aspect of successful learning.

Cooperative practices are essential for building a community. These approaches foster stronger bonds between participants and ensure effective interaction. Cooperation allows for pooling efforts, sharing resources and knowledge, which in turn contributes to the development of a common cause and the achievement of shared goals. The application of cooperative principles is key to the successful creation and functioning of a community.

Group projects can be very beneficial for students, as they promote the joint creation and exchange of knowledge. Group interactions, such as peer-to-peer learning and mentoring, help develop communication and collaboration skills. Various types of support, such as tutoring and coaching, also play a vital role, significantly enhancing learning and helping students achieve their goals. The learning environment should be an accepting and supportive one. It's important that everyone feels free to express their views and receive the support they need. Creating such an environment promotes the development of trust and openness, which improves the quality of learning and interaction.

To create an effective space in a group, it is necessary to pay attention to the relationships between participants. It is important to introduce a debate method that will help students learn to express their thoughts and take into account the opinions of others. Additionally, you can organize group discussions of personal situations, for example, in the format of a "failure evening," where everyone can share their failures, discuss what could have been done differently, and receive support from other participants. This will create an atmosphere of trust and mutual support, which in turn contributes to improved interaction in the group.

Avoid excessively standardized training. Providing students with a strict model and requiring them to follow only it can limit their creativity and opportunities for self-expression. It is important to create conditions that allow students to be creative and develop their own ideas, which will significantly enrich the learning process and make it more effective.

Two Stress Management Strategies at the Organizational Level

These approaches and methods are combined into two strategies that cover not only educational programs, but the entire organization as a whole. These strategies are aimed at optimizing processes and increasing efficiency, thereby achieving the stated goals.

The first learning strategy is containment. Within this strategy, the educational organization acts as an island of calm, focusing on the comfort and well-being of students. The containment strategy is distinguished by creating a safe and supportive environment where students can focus on learning. This approach promotes the development of trusting relationships between teachers and students, which, in turn, increases the level of motivation and engagement in the educational process.

• supercurricular activities - joint events, field trips, hikes, conferences;
• social space - a library or other room where you can always meet someone and chat, an online meeting room open at any time;
• space for self-expression - encouraging creative activity, organizing exhibitions and other events where students can establish personal contact, learn more about each other's interests.

The second strategy is agentive, in which the educational organization functions as a platform for active participation and self-realization. This strategy includes several key aspects. Firstly, it creates a space for the exchange of knowledge and experience between students and teachers. Secondly, the educational organization provides resources and support for the implementation of individual projects and initiatives. Thirdly, the emphasis is on the development of critical thinking and creativity in students. Thus, the agent-based strategy promotes the creation of a dynamic educational environment where each participant can demonstrate their talents and ideas.

• reflection on their area of ​​influence – the student considers how they can apply their strengths within the framework of their studies (for example, participating in environmental initiatives);
• learning activities that impact the outside world – for example, social projects related to the life of the local community;
• a space for reflection and dialogue at the level of the educational institution.

At first glance, these strategies may seem opposite. However, it is possible to use elements of both and combine them in various combinations depending on specific goals and circumstances. This approach will allow you to most effectively adapt the strategies to changing conditions and achieve better results.

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